Morethanever的《Spark》 歌词

你好！量化quantitative 英[u02c8kwu0252ntu026atu0259tu026av] 美[u02c8kwɑ:ntu0259teu026atu026av] adj. 定量的; 数量（上）的; [例句]That"s the whole difference between quantitative and qualitative research.那就是定量研究和定性研究之间的重大差别。

quality：n质量quantity：n数量怎么记忆不会混呢？quantity 中有n，即number，数量，所以quantity为数量而quality中没有n

原意分别为 quality 是质量，quantity是数量。但是在文献中应该分别翻译为音质 和音量

英 ["kwu0252ntu0259ti] 美 ["kwɑu02d0ntu0259ti] n. 量；数量；大量 基本介绍 中文名 ：量，数量; 定量，大批; 数目; [语音学、韵律学]音量（指元音或音节的长短） 英式音标 ：u02c8kwu0252ntu0259ti 美式音标 ：u02c8kwɑ:ntu0259ti 词性 ：名词 英英释义,双语例句,词语用法, 英英释义 Noun: how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify an adequate or large amount; "he had a quantity of ammunition" the concept that something has a magnitude and can be represented in mathematical expressions by a constant or a variable 双语例句 用作名词 (n.) This company is more concerned with quality than withquantity. 这家公司对质量比对产量更重视。 He ate a *** all quantityof rice. 他吃了少量的米饭。 It was a bad year for films, in terms of bothquantityand quality. 今年的电影无论从数量上还是质量上都说不上好。 In our work quality counts for as much asquantity. 在我们的工作中，质量跟数量同等重要。 The factory turns out a largequantityof paper products. 这家工厂生产大量的纸制品。 The bowl needs to be re-frozen after each use, so it takes a long time to make a large quantity. 这种碗每次使用之后都需要重新冷冻，因此要做大份食物时需要很长时间。 After some initial problems, acetone was suessfully produced in quantity. 解决了最初的一些问题之后，终于成功地制造出了大量丙酮。 In terms of quantity, production grew faster than ever before. 从数量上看，产量增长的速度比以往任何时期都要快。 词语用法 quantity既可用于可数名词也可用于不可数名词。 quantity的基本意思是“数量”,是正式用语。作与质量相对而言的“数量”解时是不可数名词,指事物的“量”或“总数量”时是可数名词。quantity强调大批计量,含有准确测量的意味。 quantity不能用much, less等表示“多少”意义的词修饰,可用large, great, *** all等表示“大小”意义的词修饰。 a (large〔great〕) quantity of或quantities of的意思是“大量”,其后均可跟不可数名词或复数名词。如aquantityof flowers和aquantityof water。在句中作主语时, a quantity of接不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式,接可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数形式; quantities of修饰不可数名词或可数名词复数时,谓语动词都用复数形式。

Qualification n.资格，限定条件；合格证Qualify v.使合格；(对词义)限制，修饰Qualitative a.质量上的，定性的，性质上Quality n.质量；品质，特性Quantify vt.确定…的数量Quantitative a.数量的Quantity n.数量，量；[常pl.]大量，大宗Quarrel n.&vi.争吵，吵架Quart n.夸脱(=2品脱)Quarter n.四分之一；一刻钟；地区；(pl.)住处Quarterly a./ad.季度的/地 n.季刊Quartz n.石英Queen n.女王；(纸牌、国际象棋中的)王后Queer adj. 奇怪的Quench vt.扑灭，熄灭；止(渴)Quest v./n.探索，寻找，追求Question n.问题；待解决的问题；疑问 vt.询问Questionnaire n.调查表Queue n.队，列 vi.排队Quick a.快的，迅速的；敏捷的，伶俐的；性急的Quiet a.安静的；宁静的 vt.使安静 vi.平静下来Quit vt.离开，退出；停止，放弃 vi.离开；辞职Quite ad.完全，十分；相当地Quiver vi.微微颤动Quiz n.小测验；猜谜或问答节目 vt.进行测验Quota n.(生产、进出口等的)配额，(移民的)限额Quotation n.引语，语录Quote vt.引用；报价 vi.引用，引证

quantity 英[u02c8kwu0252ntu0259ti]美[u02c8kwɑ:ntu0259ti]n. 量，数量; 定量，大批; 数目; [语音学、韵律学]音量; （指元音或音节的长短）[网络] 流量; 份量; 数量,总量;[例句]The less discerning drinker who prefers quantity to quality不求质、但求量的不那么识货的饮酒者[其他] 复数：quantities 形近词： quantify quantise quantile

数量的单词有：quantity，quantities，hundred-，accountfor，quantitative。数量的单词有：number，accountfor，quantitative，quantify，quantities注音是：ㄕㄨ_ㄌ一ㄤ_词性是：名词结构是：数(左右结构)量(上下结构)拼音是：shùliàng。数量的具体解释是什么呢，我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍：一、词语解释【点此查看计划详细内容】数量shùliàng。(1)事物的多少。二、引证解释⒈事物的多少和长短。引《周礼·夏官·量人》：“凡祭祀_宾，制其从献脯燔之数量。”郑玄注：“数，多少也；量，长短也。”孙诒让正义：“《叙官》注云：量犹度也。故长短亦谓之量。”《艺文类聚》卷七六引北周王褒《善行寺碑》：“尘沙日月，同渤_之轮_；百亿_围，等阎浮之数量。”⒉指事物的多少。引李一氓《＜阿英文集＞序》：“电影，是艺术，更加是工艺和科学，数量和质量，不要再那么寒伧了。”三、国语词典总额的多寡。如：「数量不多，欲购从速。」四、网络解释数量（指事物的多少）数量，指事物的多少。是对现实生活中事物量的抽象表达方式。从远古时代开始，在日常生活和生产实践中，人们就需要创造出一些语言来表达事物（事件与物件）量的多少。数量（数学名词，指只有大小没有方向的量）数量（scalar），亦称“无向量”，在物理学中也叫标量（纯量）。有些量（质量、体积等）只具有数值大小，而没有方向，部分有正负之分。物理学中，标量（或作纯量）指在坐标变换下保持不变的物理量。用通俗的说法，数量是只有大小，没有方向的量。数量运算遵循代数运算法则。关于数量的近义词数目关于数量的反义词质数关于数量的诗句杯数量难胜在莱蒂洛的浅滩上他们巴经数不清他的爱情和直到黎明的牌戏的数量以及与邻人和异乡人的流血械斗的数量关于数量的成语数不胜数数米量柴车量斗数数一数二关于数量的词语器欲难量数米量柴铢量寸度车量斗数十斛量珠量金买赋不知自量秤薪量水量力而为量如江海关于数量的造句1、近来他个人发表的论文从质量和数量上说，我们都是望尘莫及。2、缺水导致水质下降和环境污染，尤其对穷人影响最大。许多人，特别是发展中国家的大多数穷人被迫饮用完全不宜饮用的水。由于没有水或者用受污染的水洗澡，患上了皮肤病和其他由不卫生引起的疾病。但是，专家认为对公众健康的影响而言，水的数量甚至比质量更重要。水管理不善也为疟疾等疾病提供了肆虐的机会。3、他的作品数量不算很多，却别具一格。4、在我的一生中有这样一段时间，如果让我选择数量或品质，我会义无反顾地选择前者。5、工厂生产不能只顾追求数量，更要追求质量。点此查看更多关于数量的详细信息

quantity[英][u02c8kwu0252ntu0259ti][美][u02c8kwɑ:ntu0259ti]n.量，数量; 定量，大批; 数目; [语音学、韵律学]音量(指元音或音节的长短);网络流量; 份量; 数量,总量;复数：quantities形近词：quantifyquantisequantile双语例句1，The less discerning drinker who prefers quantity to quality不求质、但求量的不那么识货的饮酒者2，At a recent meeting with company executives, they also stressed that the tablet "s app catalog is about quality, not just quantity.最近，我们采访了惠普高管，他们强调指出，TouchPad的应用目录注重的是质量，而非数量。

quantity的读音是：英["kw_nt_ti]。quantity的读音是：英["kw_nt_ti]。quantity的词语用法是n.(名词)quantity的基本意思是“数量”,是正式用语。作与质量相对而言的“数量”解时是不可数名词,指事物的“量”或“总数量”时是可数名词。quantity强调大批计量,含有准确测量的意味。quantity的意思是n.量；数量；大量。一、英英释义点此查看quantity的详细内容Noun:howmuchthereisorhowmanythereareofsomethingthatyoucanquantifyanadequateorlargeamount;"hehadaquantityofammunition"theconceptthatsomethinghasamagnitudeandcanberepresentedinmathematicalexpressionsbyaconstantoravariable二、网络解释1.quantity：qty;定额，数量2.quantity：quant;数量性三、例句Thiscompanyismoreconcernedwithqualitythanwithquantity.这家公司对质量比对产量更重视。Heateasmallquantityofrice.他吃了少量的米饭。Itwasabadyearforfilms,intermsofbothquantityandquality.今年的电影无论从数量上还是质量上都说不上好。Inourworkqualitycountsforasmuchasquantity.在我们的工作中，质量跟数量同等重要。Thefactoryturnsoutalargequantityofpaperproducts.这家工厂生产大量的纸制品。四、词汇搭配用作名词(n.)动词+～doublethequantity使数量翻一番producehugequantity大量生产形容词+～certainquantity若干数量greatquantity大量largequantity相当大的数量smallquantity小量unknownquantity未知量,难以预测的人或事介词+～inquantity数量上ingreatquantity大量～+介词aquantityof一定量的,一些,许多quantityofelectricity电量quantityofheat热量五、经典引文Acertainquantityormeasureofrenown.出自：S.JohnsonAtlunchtimehetakeslargequantitiesofillicitgin.出自：A.DjoletoApoundofanchovies,andthesamequantityofbay-salt.出自：R.BrautiganThequantityofdataprocessinginvolvedmadeitimpossibletorunthesystem.出自：StudioNews六、词义辨析n.(名词)quantity,aggregate,amount,number,sum,total,whole这组词的共同意思是“总数、总合”。其区别是：aggregate指把数目的各个部分加在一起；amount指累积的结果；number指数字或东西相加所得的总数；sum指最后的总结果，表示截至现在的总数,还有增加的可能；total和whole都指合计的结果的全体，total常指大的数量，whole也含有各部分总和的意味。quantity主要表示物质的量。adj.［"ɡrIɡ_t］quantity，amount，number，sum这些名词均有“总数、总量”之意。quantity书面用词，指事物的总量和总数量，侧重大批计量，含准确测量的意味。amount普通用词，与quantity近义，但强调整体，指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。number普通用词，指人或物的数目，强调数的概念。sum普通用词，指简单加算的结果。quantity的相关近义词amount、capacity、lot、measure、number、part、share、sum、total、weightquantity的相关临近词quantum、quantitative、quantitydue、quantityset、quantitybill、quantityrate、quantitysale、quantitytime、quantityunit、quantitysign、quantitylist、quantitytool点此查看更多关于quantity的详细信息

quantity 英[u02c8kwu0252ntu0259ti] 美[u02c8kwɑ:ntu0259ti] n. 量，数量; 定量，大批; 数目; [语音学、韵律学]音量（指元音或音节的长短）; [网络] 货物数量; 定量; 重量; [例句]The bowl needs to be re-frozen after each use, so it takes a long time to make a large quantity.这种碗每次使用之后都需要重新冷冻，因此要做大份食物时需要很长时间。[其他] 复数：quantities 形近词： quantify quantise quantile

quantum [u02c8kwu0254ntu0259m]（n.量子；数量）＝quant＋um名词后缀。该词由量子物理学家普朗克（Planck）从拉丁语引进，我们只要把quant看作词根“数量”就行了。quantum的复数是quanta。又如：datum（n.数据）的复数是data；bacterium（n.细菌）的复数是bacteria。 solace [u02c8su0254lu0259s]（v.n.安慰）＝sol＋ace。sol词根“安慰”（看作soul→“抚慰心灵”），-ace看作后缀。电影《量子危机》（ Quantum of Solace ）的片名本来是“量子安慰”的意思。 quantity [u02c8kwu0254ntu0259ti]（n.数量）＝quant＋ity。quant词根“数量”，-ity名词后缀。 quantify [u02c8kwu0254ntifai]（v.定量）＝quant＋ify。quant词根“数量”，-ify动词后缀。注意quantify与quantity只相差一个字母。 quantitative [u02c8kwu0254ntitu0259tiv]（a.定量的）＝quant＋itative复合形容词后缀。也可以看作是quantit(y)数量＋ative形容词后缀。 console [ku0259nu02c8soul]（v.安慰）＝con＋sol＋e。con-前缀“共同”(＝com-)，sol词根“安慰”，-e后缀。 consolation [u02ccku0254nsu0259u02c8leiu0283n]（n.安慰）＝consol(e)＋ation名词后缀。《哲学的慰藉》（ The Consolations of Philosophy ）是古罗马后期著名政治家兼哲学家波爱修（Boethius）的狱中绝笔。当代英国才子阿兰·德波顿（Alain de Botton）也写过一本同名著作，书中每一章的标题都以consolation开头。★注意是“慰藉（jiè），不是“慰籍（jí）”。 consolatory [ku0259nu02c8soulu0259tu0259ri]（a.安慰的）＝consol(e)＋atory形容词后缀。 disconsolate [disu02c8ku0254nsu0259lu0259t]（a.忧郁的）＝dis不＋consol(e)安慰＋ate形容词后缀。 inconsolable [u02ccinku0259nu02c8soulu0259bl]（a.伤心欲绝的）＝in不＋consol(e)安慰＋able可…的。 读百科知识, 记英语单词

quantify and qualify定量和定性双语例句1Recommends test procedures for testing components and systems to properly quantify and qualify sound/ vibration related parameters. 推荐测试元件的测试程序，使系统完全量化，限定噪音/振动的相关参数。2The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs is now completing a systematic survey in order to quantify and qualify the population of contract labour employees in Israel.劳工和社会事务部目前正在完成一项系统调查工作，目的是确定以色列境内合同工人口的数量并证明他们的资格。

数据集是由数据组成的集合，数据质量越好价值也越高。 统计能够帮助我们：量化不确定性（quantify uncertainty）、辨别偏见（discern biases）。 需要考虑数据是哪里来的、是如何计算的，需要辨别哪些数据好、哪些数据不好，这些数据是做出决定的正确数据吗。 一手数据是自己从自然环境或实验中调查收集到的；二手数据就是现成的数据，从别人手里拿到的数据。 整理后的数据能够提供服务和方便、帮助做决定、有说服力、节省时间和金钱。 数据的总和除以数据的个数。 有相同数量的高于该点的数据和低于该点的数据，如果数据的个数是偶数个，Median 是中间两个数的平均值。 将各数值乘以相应的权重，然后求和得到总体值，再除以总的权重和。 场景：课程总分由多部分构成，考试成绩、出勤情况、完成练习程度 一组数据中出现最多的那个数，表示最有可能出现的数。 数据集中最大值与最小值的差。 标准差是离均值平方的算术平均数的平方根。标准差能反映一个数据集的离散程度，一个较大的标准差，代表大部分数值和其平均值之间差异较大；一个较小的标准差，代表这些数值较接近平均值。方差是标准差的平方。 离群点是指一个数据集中，远离序列的一般水平的极端大值和极端小值。可通过表格和图标、标准差、z分数可以帮助我们识别离群点。 离群点没有明确的定义，离群点可以被认为是机会，它们是新趋势的开端。关于离群点，需要考虑这是一个真的离群点吗，它是怎么产生的，其中能学到什么，需要改进什么。 z分数是以标准差为单位度量原始分数离开平均数多少个标准差，正数表示大于平均数，负数表示小于平均数。 这里的 Sigma 代表标准差，作用于对称分布，对称分布通常用一个以均值为中心的钟形曲线。 经验规则是统计规律，指出了在正态分布，几乎所有数据都将落在均值的三倍标准差内。经验规则表明，68%的数据将分布在距离均值的一个标准差之内，95%的数据将分布在距离均值的两个标准差之内，99.7%的数据将分布在均值的三个标准偏差之内。 经验法则最常在统计中用于预测最后结果。在得到数据的标准差，并在可以收集确切的数据之前，该规则可作为一个对即将到来的数据的结果的粗略估计。该概率特别适用与一些需要消耗大量时间去收集的数据，或者甚至是不可能获得的数据。 将一组数据从小到大排序，并计算相应的累计百分位，则某一百分位所对应数据的值就称为这一百分位的百分位数，可表示为：一组n个观测值按数值大小排列，如处于p%位置的值称第p百分位数，中位数是第50百分位数。第100百分位数是不可能的，因为那就是说你是班级中的前0%，既可以说你是班级的前1%，也可以说你是第99百分位数。 概率是事件发生的可能性，样本空间所有可能结果的概率之和一定是100%，概率分为客观概率和主观概率。客观概率是基于计算的，又分为：古典概率/事前概率，所有可能是已知的，并且出现概率相同，如投币；经验概率，特定的事件发生的次数占总体实验样本的比率，如估算任意一年的二月份中最低的日最高温度低于零度的概率，罚球命中率。主观概率没办法计算，无法重复，建立在过去的经验与判断的基础上，根据对未来事态发展的预测和历史统计资料的研究确定的概率，如解雇率。 事件1/事件2出现的概率 = 事件1出现的概率 + 事件2出现的概率 - 事件1和事件2共同出现的概率。 条件概率，事件1已经发生的情况下，事件2出现的概率。两个事件 A 和 B 是独立的当且仅当 Pr(A∩B) = Pr(A)Pr(B)。 贝叶斯定理(Bayes theorem) Monty Hall problem: 出自美国的电视游戏节 Let"s Make a Deal。问题名字来自该节目的主持人蒙提·霍尔(Monty Hall)。参赛者会看见三扇关闭的门，其中一扇的后面有辆汽车，选中后面有车的那扇门可赢得该汽车，另外两扇门后面则各藏有一只山羊。当参赛者选定了一扇门，但未去开启它的时候，节目主持人开启剩下两扇门的其中一扇，露出其中一只山羊。主持人其后会问参赛者要不要换另一扇仍然关上的门。问题是:换另一扇门参赛者可以赢得汽车的概率是多少? 答案：简单的想选择当前门赢汽车的概率是1/3，选择另外两扇门赢汽车的概率是2/3，其中一扇已经打开了，换成另一个门赢汽车的概率就是2/3了。 毒品检测问题。已知一家公司 0.5% 的员工吸毒。现在引入一个毒品检测的方式，对吸毒者检测为阳性的概率是 99%，非吸毒者检测出阳性的概率是 1%。已知一个公司的员工被检测出阳性，那么他吸毒的概率是多少? 答案：使用贝叶斯公式 总数为n，有序的排列，有多少可能 = n! 总数为n，选出有序的x个，有多少可能 = n! / (n - x)! 总数为n，选出无序的x个，有多少可能 = n! / [(n - x)! * x!] 实验最终出现的结果是未知的、随机的，因此实验的结果叫做随机变量。随机变量表示随机试验各种结果的实值单值函数，随机事件不论与数量是否直接有关，都可以数量化，即都能用数量化的方式表达。离散指的是有限多种可能性，自然数或整数计算。连续指的是有无限多种可能性，是某个区间内的任一实数。因为连续随机变量的取值有无限多种可能，因此需要使用一种替代的方式来计算这种类型的概率。 结果的可能是无限时，用曲线来描述结果的分布，这个曲线被叫做概率密度，曲线下的区域表示每种可能的结果。 正态分布。 一些现象受到许多相互独立的随机因素的影响，如果每个因素所产生的影响都很微小时，总的影响可以看作是服从正态分布的。

写在开头：本文借鉴了知乎大佬"曼知MZ"的想法，再用自己的语言润色了一下。 定量分析关注频率，定性分析关注意义。 定量研究范式 从属于实证主义和后实证主义 ，而定性研究范式 从属于建构主义和阐释主义 。 例子： 假如现在有个果园研发基地，研发一种新型的桃子，味道非常可口，可以做代餐，也有减肥的效果。这个产品对于整个市场来说，是很新颖很好玩的一个现象，产业和大众都很感兴趣。 然后在做市场推广之前，研究人员开始介入，开始研究这个苹果是怎么研究出来的？背后的原理是什么？ 那么这些问题就是What！ 果园基地的那些科研人员闲着没事做为什么要研究新型桃子出来，原因是什么？ 这是Why！ 然后这种桃子它整个的研发的过程和研发的原理是什么？研发过程中遇到过哪些困难？最终是怎样被研发出来整个的process是什么？ 这是How！ 如果你想要搞清楚这一系列的问题，那么你就需要一种研究方法，什么呢？ 那肯定是 定性研究 的方法，因为以上这些问题跟How many，How much跟程度是没有任何关系的。 想用定性研究方法搞清楚以上那些问题，那么就需要做 “田野调查” ，进行实地调查、实证调研。 如果现在你到了这个研究基地，那些研究人员开始和你说：“ 我们现在打算开发这种桃子的2.0版，你有没有兴趣把这2.0版开发过程记录下来，跟踪调研，记录？ ” 你说“ 可以 ”，你就开始跟着研究人员一起参与到2.0版桃子的研发过程当中去。 从一开始的产品设计——方案——配方——方法——实验室——研发结果——反复实验。这一个顺序你全部跟下来的话，少则几个月，多则几年。那么这个研究方法叫 “民族志Ethnography” 。 好像田野调查和民族志并没有太大的差别，其实它们最大的差别就是时间和深度的要求不同。（这两个方法更多是做社科类、文化类经常会用到） 2.0版本研发出来之后，在向市场推广之前，你得去做实验，验证它得口味怎么样？有没有减肥效果？那我们就要做一个小范围的实验，选择两批被实验人员，分为基础组和对照组（最基本的）。再设计相关的量表，然后去研究去探索这个苹果到底有没有效果。 那么这部分就是实验。 （实验研究更多是教育学、社会心理学经常用到） 研究完之后，确定了这个桃子无论是代餐还是减肥都有不错的效果，现在就需要对市场做推广。但开始之前呢，供给方和销售方对于这个市场都没有很大的信心。那我们就要在全国性推广之前，先选择一些区域来进行范围推广，根据一些产业调研报告，找一些对于减肥需求比较大的发达城市。 比如说上海。那么我们应该需要用什么样的方式，去为上海单独这个城市设计一份适合他们本地文化或者是消费需求的推广方案。那么这一部分算什么，如果从 定性研究 维度来讲的话，那么这个就是 Case study （找一个个例，进行深入的调研）。 方案制定出来之后，我们开始销售这个桃子。在销售了一段时间之后，我们是不是要收集数据，看一看这个产品在上海这个地区的效果反馈如何。然后销售端从 target consumer （目标消费人群）中进行分层随机抽样，用任何你能想到的统计学的一种方法，那是不是就进入了 Quantify（定量） 这个领域呢。把数据、用户反馈全部定量的去收集起来，按照一个严格的逻辑指导和架构去统计起来。 数据收集回来之后，然后去研究，看这款桃子产品在上海这个地区的销售和市场推广是怎样的效果。如果反响确实还不错，那就往全国推广。 接下来在全国推广的时候，逻辑其实和推广上海是一样的，需要根据不同区域、不同城市研究出各自符合当地情况的市场推广方案。 如果你想让你的桃子成为国际性的，比如在亚洲其它国家推广，韩国、日本、泰国等等...甚至是美国的一些西方国家。那你要研究在针对不同国家的各自符合当地情况的推广方案，应该如何制定，这个叫什么？这个叫 Cross-Cultural（跨文化） 。 对于一个经验非常非常丰富的研究者来说， Cross-cultural 是可以结合 Quantify 一起用的。从以上这个例子就能看出来，一般情况下定性研究更多的是解决供给端、定量研究更多的是解决需求端的问题。

q的大写字母是Q，英语字母表的第17个字母，是由腓尼基语和希伯来语的第19个象形字母演变而来。在卡通、数字、语言、物理、化学等方面均有不同的解释和寓意。Q的形状有点像垂着尾巴的猴子。无怪乎腓尼基语把该字母叫做qoph，意思就是“猴子”。在英语中Q后面几乎总跟着U，它绝少出现在词尾，除非是外来语。文学中，鲁迅在中篇小说《阿Q正传》中塑造了“阿Q”这一典型文学形象。Quie原名是桂或贵，QUEI是民国时的罗马拼音，现应拼为GUI，但由于此人具体的名字姓氏。鲁迅并不是十分清楚，只好为其缩写，改名为阿Q。通过《阿Q正传》，鲁迅深刻揭露了国民的性格缺陷及辛亥革命的不彻底性，也为我们留下了“阿Q胜利法”这一普遍的人类现象。q开头的单词有Qualify、Qualitative、Quality、Quantify、Quantitative、Quantity、Quarrel、Quart、Quarter等。扩展资料：一、其他缩写：“007”中常给007提供各种新式装备的老头的代号。在扑克牌中是“皇后”（Queen）的缩写。Q在比赛中还担任着“晋级”的角色。Q在网游中玩家组队时“Q1” Q为缺的意思。Q也是问题（question）的缩写。二、电工学方面缩写1、Q值--品质因数 ：是衡量电感器件的主要参数。是指电感器在某一频率的交流电压下工作时，所呈现的感抗与其等效损耗电阻之比。电感器的Q值越高，其损耗越小，效率越高。2、无功功率：为建立交变磁场和感应磁通而需要的电功率，单位乏（var)。3、电子元器件中三极管的缩写。参考资料：百度百科-Q

fixed : 已修复 （需要你验证)Won"t fix: 不修复 （项目经理认为本阶段或者实际上不用修复)Duplicate : 重复的BUG （相似BUG你已经在之前提出过了)Incomplete : 不完整的bug (描叙不清楚，开发人员无法重现或者不懂你的意思)Can"t Reproduce : 无法重现的BUGInvalid: 无效的BUG （意思是这个BUG并不存在或者没有这个模块了）Remind: 提醒（意思是只是一个提醒，要修复，可以暂时不解决，稍后解决）

在测试工作中，需要接触到各种类型的测试工具。一般来说，有以下一些类型的工具：测试管理工具：可以帮助完成测试计划、跟踪测试运行结果等的工具。这类工具还包括有助于需求、设计、编码测试及缺陷跟踪的工具；静态分析工具：分析代码而不执行代码。这种工具检测某些缺陷比用其它方法更有效，开销也更小。这种工具一般可以度量代码的各种指标，如McCabe测定复杂度，Logiscope度量代码和规范的复合度等等；覆盖率工具：这种工具评估通过一系列测试后，软件被执行的程度。这种工具大量的被应用于单元测试中，如PureCoverage、TrueCoverage、Logiscope等；动态分析工具：这种工具评估正在运行的系统。例如，检查系统运行过程中的内存使用情况，是否有内存越界、内存泄露等等，这类工具有Purify、BoundChecker等；测试执行工具：这类工具可使测试能够自动化进行，并且各个层次（单元测试、集成测试、系统测试）的执行工具都有。例如系统测试阶段有功能测试自动化工具，如Robot、Winrunner、SilkTest等；还有性能测试工具，如Loadrunner、SilKPerformer等。白盒测试工具主要有：内存资源泄漏检查：Numega中的bouncechecker,Rational的Purify代码覆盖率检查：Numega中的truecoverage,Rational的Purecoverage，Telelogic公司的logiscope,Macabe公司的Macabe代码性能检查：Numega中的truetime,Rational的Quantify代码静态度量分析质量检查工具：logiscope和Macabe黑盒测试工具主要有：客户端功能测试：MI公司的winrunner,compuware的qarun,Rational的robot服务器端压力性能测试：MI公司的winload,compuware的qaload,Rational的SQAload等等Web测试工具：MI公司的Astra系列，rsw公司的e-testsuite测试管理工具：rational的testmanager,compuware的qadirector等缺陷跟踪工具：trackrecord，Testtrack单元测试工具：测试框架：delphidunitjavajunitc++cppunit

哎，继续帮你一把~！【人工翻译】Since 1960s,studying difficult have became a popluar issue in educational and psychological field. Studying difficult affects not only students" achievements and intelliggent development but also caused the psychological problems. Maths, as a fundmental course, can cultivate students" mastering of subjective world and dinifite their abstract conception and logical thought, in the meanwhile, it is also a tool to guide us to apply it into practice. But, there are also a large numbers of students who study maths so difficult exist today. To solve these problems, this thesis reseaches on the situation of studying difficult thoughout the literature overseas, analysing the reason why studying so difficult by the method such as observation and survey questionnaire, in addition, it also proposal the solution and stratrgy to tackle with these problems as well. In the meantime, the article also told us about the damagers from students" studying difficult, which appeal students, teachers and parents pay attention on the issue of studying difficult in maths. In fact, it is important for us to encourage and support students who have difficulty in studying maths.O(∩_∩)O哈哈~，终于翻译好了，采纳吧~！

DPPOS是一项正在进行的、针对糖尿病预防项目DPP随机实验参与者的观察研究。在这项分析中，对DPP实验期间血糖调节正常和处于糖尿病前期的两类参与者的长期糖尿病风险进行了比较。DPP期间符合糖尿病标准的参与者被排除。研究者比较了糖尿病总发病率，并且对实验组进行分层。COX比例风险模型和广义线性混合模型结果显示DPP实验中以往的随机分组不影响DPPOS中血糖调节正常的参与者的风险降低。共有1990例DPPOS参与者被纳入研究（DPP实验生活方式干预组736例，二甲双胍组647例，安慰剂组607例）。

With the development of political, economic, cultural and technological globalization, government departments traditional way of administration is facing severe challenges. National government departments, community groups and individuals have on the existing public government conservative management model a strong desire to reform, with the aim to improve the level of government performance management. Chinese government in the 1980s, will also build efficient government as a major work of administration. The reform of public sector performance by the government and the community great attention. But the level of our performance management of government departments are still in the early stages of development, is not yet mature, but also a lack of strategic theoretical framework and tools for their professional guidance.Balanced Scorecard provides a comprehensive evaluation system, which includes four dimensions: financial dimension, the customer dimension, a dimension of internal processes, learning and growth dimension, covering all dimensions of a comprehensive evaluation of government performance, effectively compensate for the current Government Performance Evaluation dimension does not sound defects. When setting goals for each dimension has a corresponding specific target, the evaluation index mandatory quantify can be a good solution to the current shortage of government performance indicators to quantify the problem.In this paper, the basic knowledge and theory of public utilities management and human resource management, combined with basic information related to the domestic and foreign books, periodicals, etc., to local government performance management as a background analysis of the overall development of the Balanced Scorecard. First, through the collection of data, the paper describes the theoretical balanced scorecard, performance management, and the related concept of the Balanced Scorecard and abroad; secondly, through the Balanced Scorecard Performance Management application profiles of the Balanced Scorecard meaning, analyzed the necessity and feasibility, citing BSC in business, nonprofit organizations and applications of local governments; and finally, in the analysis, problem-solving, based on the local government to implement the Balanced Scorecard summarizes the problems and make recommendations.

An attempt has been made by the author to quantify the effect of the covalent bonding on the metallic bonding of most metals by assigning covalent-metallitivities(C-M) values to some of the solid elements based on their melting temperatures in ℃ as compared to carbon(diamond), with a melting temperature of 3500℃, which is assumed to be 100% covalently bonded and have a covalent-metallitivity of 4.0.作者试图根据某些固体物质的按摄氏度计算的熔点与碳(金刚石)的比较,指定其共价金属活性(C-M)的值，来量化在大多数金属上的金属性化学键的共价键作用，(比如),3500摄氏度的熔点被认为是100％的共价化合，且其金属活性为4.0。注释：1.-tivity是常用后缀，表示××的性质。2.结构如下：(An attempt has been made by the author句子主干) 【to quantify the effect of the covalent bonding on the metallic bonding of most metals】 【by assigning covalent-metallitivities(C-M) values to some of the solid elements [based on their melting temperatures in ℃ as compared to carbon(diamond)]】, [with a melting temperature of 3500℃, which is assumed to be 100% covalently bonded and have a covalent-metallitivity of 4.0---举例+定语从句].

69 。告诉我你的想法，将一些好的做法，以拓展海外市场，在未来三年内，特别是考虑到国家的美元在今天的国际市场竞争力。70 。形容最显着的内部控制弱点，你确定你没有补救行动。是什么结果呢？71 。形容最显着的会计业务重组计划，你有主导。是什么结果呢？72 。你是否履行员工薪酬检讨？如果你这样做，你有什么办法？73 。告诉我，你如何去创造一个年度的财政预算案。74 。有什么问题，你有没有在留在你的预算是多少？75 。区分规划为短期，中期和长期性。76 。你怎么量化的结果，你的活动作为一个经理人？77 。你们完成了一项正式的投资回报计算就一项战略投资？请提供详细情况。78 。其中电子表格程序做你喜欢的工作呢？79 。你怎么处理意料之外的开支吗？你能举一个例子吗？80 。你怎样评价预算在你现在的位置？81 。告诉我的时候，你低估预算，并要求提供更多的款项？82 。您曾经想过要调整你的预算中的财政期？有什么办法，你怎么走？83 。你会如何创造一个预算中的地位，而你正申请？84 。如果我们采用一个401计划，如何经常你会履行歧视检验？85 。什么是最难的一件事作为一个领导者吗？86 。你是一位导师的人？是谁？什么是您的哲学的指导吗？87 。什么字的"成功"是什么意思吗？88 。何谓"未能"一词的意思，你呢？89 。形容一个问题，你们解决了用员工参与。90 。告诉我最困难的职工情况，你不得不处理。什么叫你做什么，结果如何呢？91 。请告诉我有关雇员的人变得更成功，由于你的管理。92 。描述您的系统误差控制在自己的工作和工作的员工。93 。其中管理大师，你觉得最有意思吗？94 。你有什么想要做的五年，从现在开始？95 。什么时候是你最重要的长期目标是什么？96 。形容人，你就聘请你的上一份工作。他们成功？多久，他们留在公司吗？97 。已你的经验，与主要的扩建或减少武力来解决？98 。有多少即时下属有你选定的，在过去两年？你是怎么去知道它吗？任何惊喜或失望？99 。有多少即时下属有你免去其职位，在过去的几年里？100 。你怎么觉得你的下属会描述你作为代表？

此外,我们也会使用平均距离重量从统计基础上,瑞典,因为它是不甚明朗的品牌和燃料类型或体重的影响最大的距离上覆盖。以使车辆税、汽车和燃料价格相比我们总是随着时间的利用消费者物价指数从统计瑞典。对汽车的价格和汽车税我们用每年有2004年平均为基础,每个月平均燃油价格与2004年1月为基础的月份。要获取更详细的无所谓的数据进行的调整,请见附件A.5。。方法5.1。 背景为了估计不同的车型的需求,我们需要定义一个合适的计量模型。首先,制造模型符合双方的经济理论和实证数据我们需要定义一个经济结构模型。经济理论允许因变量有关产品的特点,推导(莱斯Wolak,2005),这是常有的情形在分化的产品市场。总存在许多产品的特点和消费者相关比可以观察到一个econometrician或特征,如风格,只是无法量化,因此我们将不能捕获需求因素决定所有汽车销售。其次,我们希望我们的需求模型离散由于没有原理在消费者购买分数一辆汽车。通常是使用连续模型建模的累积分布函数和最常见的被称为一个logit模型(里,2003)。我们已决定遵循开发的一个方法(1994),史蒂文浆果允许你估计使用标准工具变量logit回归推导,同时也让为特点。作为我们的因变量我们不会使用实际销售的轿车的数量,而是市场份额每辆车模型。在我们的模型、市场受到时间和地区都在每月——每个地区都被定义为一个市场。望采纳 不懂的可以继续问我

因为人系由人生出黎，人之唔可以独自乘受系因为一个人唔系一个个体，人呢个定义系指成个世界既人，同其他人say自己既情绪就好似同自己say咁。手就好似手痛你会feel到，手痛唔会由手去完全接受，因为佢唔系个个体，佢只系人个体既一部份，佢无能力去乘受完全既痛。 而且情绪系指表达既心情，表达系比人睇，你唔系比人睇既就已经唔系情绪。比得人睇，就已经唔系独自乘受，表达系因为想有人知，人地知，咁已经系抒发 首先本人是不同意你所讲的人类要把情绪发泄在别人的身上 这只属个别部份或者个别例子 而并非每一个人都是习惯性或天生就会把情绪发泄在其他人身上;这个其实是个人后天的自主思维反射性行为而已; 这关乎一个人的忍耐力 修养 自我控制能力;一个自我控制能力强 忍耐能力好 或教养好的人 一般不会将自己的情绪抒发到别人身上;影响别人;相反来看 将自己的情绪抒发到别人身上或者抒发在其他死物身上一样 有一种减低本身-HEQ情绪指数的作用(注-HEQ即使Negative Happiness Equalize Quantify <有一本书叫做HEQm可改变我一生>其中主要讲述带有+HEQ及-HEQ 两者的分别);虽然本人不同意所有人类都会将本身的情绪抒发到别人身上 但这样做毕竟比自己独自承受要好;本人是一个不喜欢将自己的情绪抒发出来的人 连抒发在死物身上都不会 更不会抒发到别人身上 影响别人造成他人的困扰;但本人亦相信这是极少部份的 因为一个人不抒发自己的情绪 而又能过得开开心心 这人基本可以说是没有什么欲望或者其本身对周围的事物是抱着一种冷漠情感 故其人根本就没有什么情绪需要抒发; 参考: HEQm可改变我一生 and me 因为谷住系自己个心度唔舒服挂....

1.Du, K.*, et al. (2010) Optical Remote Sensing to Quantify Fugitive Particulate Mass Emissions from Stationary Short-Term and Mobile Continuous Sources: Methodology and Examples: Part I, Environmental Science & Technology, in press, DOI: 10.1021/es101904q.2.Du, K.*, et al. (2010) Optical Remote Sensing to Quantify Fugitive Particulate Mass Emissions from Stationary Short-Term and Mobile Continuous Sources: Field Applications: Part II, Environmental Science & Technology, in press, DOI: 10.1021/es101906v.3.Du, K., et al. (2009) Evaluation of Digital Optical Method to Determine Plume Opacity during Nighttime, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 43, No. 3, 783-789.4.Du, K.*, et al. (2009) Digital Photographic Technique to Quantify Plume Opacity during Daytime and Nighttime, chapter in book Atmospheric and Biological Environmental Monitoring. Springer-Verlag GmbH., 39-50.5.Varma, R., Hashmonay, R. A., Du, K., et al. (2008) A Novel Methodology for Fugitive Dust Emission Estimation using Optical Remote Sensing. (In Y. J. Kim & U. Platt (Eds.), Advanced Environmental Monitoring. Springer-Verlag GmbH), 143-154.6.Du, K., et al. (2007) Field Evaluation of Digital Optical Method to Quantify the Visual Opacity of Plumes, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 57, No. 7, 836-844.7.Du, K., et al. (2007) Quantification of Plume Opacity by Digital Photography, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 41, No. 3, 928-935.承担科研项目情况：1.中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目，“城市交通源黑碳与金属元素的污染特征与排放机制研究”，2011-1～2013.12，项目负责人。2.国家自然科学基金项目，“基于激光和卫星遥感技术的城市二氧化碳浓度三维分布特征研究及其对城市热环境的影响”，2011.1-2013.12，项目负责人。3.福建省科技计划重点项目，“利用光学遥感技术监测城市无组织排放的大气颗粒污染物(PM2.5和PM10)”，2010.3-2012.3，项目负责人。4.厦门市科技计划杰出青年创新人才计划项目，“双相机方法观测大气能见度”，2010.1～2011.12，项目负责人。5.环保部公益行业科研专项，“海峡西岸城市群大气复合污染成因及其减排和管理机制研究”，子课题“城区大气能见度数字摄像观测方法与预报系统开发”，2010.6～2013.6，课题负责人。

This article is about the idea of space. For the space beyond Earth"s atmosphere (as in astronomy and spaceships), see outer space. For all other uses, see space (disambiguation).The idea of space has been of interest for philosophers and scientists for much of human history. The term is used somewhat differently in different fields of study, hence it is difficult to provide an uncontroversial and clear definition outside of specific defined contexts. Disagreement also exists on whether space itself can be measured or is part of the measuring system. (See Space in philosophy.) Science considers space to be a fundamental quantity (a quantity which can not be defined via other quantities because other quantities — like force and energy — are already defined via space). Thus an operational definition is used in which the procedure of measurement of space intervals (distances) and the units of measurement are defined.In philosophySpace has a range of definitions: * One view of space is that it is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a set of dimensions in which objects are separated and located, have size and shape, and through which they can move. * A contrasting view is that space is part of a fundamental abstract mathematical conceptual framework (together with time and number) within which we compare and quantify the distance between objects, their sizes, their shapes, and their speeds. In this view, space does not refer to any kind of entity that is a "container" that objects "move through".These opposing views are relevant also to definitions of time. Space is typically described as having three dimensions, see Three-dimensional space and that three numbers are needed to specify the size of any object and/or its location with respect to another location. Modern physics does not treat space and time as independent dimensions, but treats both as features of space-time – a conception that challenges intuitive notions of distance and time.An issue of philosophical debate is whether space is an ontological entity itself, or simply a conceptual framework humans need to think (and talk) about the world. Another way to frame this is to ask, "Can space itself be measured, or is space part of the measurement system?" The same debate applies also to time, and an important formulation in both areas was given by Immanuel Kant.In his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant described space as an a priori intuition that (together with another a priori intuition, time) allows us to comprehend sensual experience. Kant referred to such intuitions as noumena and as things in themselves. In Kant"s view, neither space nor time are conceived of as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantify how far apart events occur. However, these measurements are applied by our minds to categorize what we sense and are not an inherent part of the thing in itself.Schopenhauer, in the preface to his On the Will in Nature, stated that "space is the condition of the possibility of juxtaposition." This is in accordance with Kant"s understanding of space as a form in the mind of an observing subject.Similar philosophical questions concerning space include: Is space absolute or purely relational? Does space have one correct geometry, or is the geometry of space just a convention? Historical positions in these debates have been taken by Isaac Newton (space is absolute), Gottfried Leibniz (space is relational), and Henri Poincaré (spatial geometry is a convention). Two important thought-experiments connected with these questions are: Newton"s bucket argument and Poincaré"s sphere-world.In physicsSpace is one of the few fundamental quantities in physics, meaning that it cannot be defined via other quantities because there is nothing more fundamental known at present. Thus, similar to the definition of other fundamental quantities (like time and mass), space is defined via measurement. Currently, the standard space interval, called a standard meter or simply meter, is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of exactly 1/299,792,458 of a second. This definition coupled with present definition of the second is based on the special theory of relativity, that our space-time is a Minkowski space.Before Einstein"s work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independent dimensions. Einstein"s discoveries have shown that due to relativity of motion our space and time can be mathematically combined into one symmetric object — space-time. (Distances in space or in time separately are not invariant versus Lorentz coordinate transformations, but distances in Minkowski space-time are — which justifies the name).However, time and space dimensions should not be viewed as exactly equivalent in Minkowski space-time. One can freely move in space but not in time. Thus, time and space coordinates are treated differently both in special relativity (where time is sometimes considered an imaginary coordinate) and in general relativity (where different signs are assigned to time and space components of spacetime metric).Spatial measurementThe measurement of physical space has long been important. Geometry, the name given to the branch of mathematics which measures spatial relations, was popularised by the ancient Greeks, although earlier societies had developed measuring systems. The International System of Units, (SI), is now the most common system of units used in the measuring of space, and is almost universally used within science.Geography is the branch of science concerned with identifying and describing the Earth, utilising spatial awareness to try and understand why things exist in specific locations. Cartography is the mapping of spaces to allow better navigation, for visualisation purposes and to act as a locational device. Geostatistics apply statistical concepts to collected spatial data in order to create an estimate for unobserved phenomena. Astronomy is the science involved with the observation, explanation and measuring of objects in outer space.In geographyGeographical space is called land, and has a relation to ownership (in which space is seen as property). While some cultures assert the rights of the individual in terms of ownership, other cultures will identify with a communal approach to land ownership, while still other cultures such as Australian Aboriginals, rather than asserting ownership rights to land, invert the relationship and consider that they are in fact owned by the land. Spatial planning is a method of regulating the use of space at land-level, with decisions made at regional, national and international levels. Space can also impact on human and cultural behaviour, being an important factor in architecture, where it will impact on the design of buildings and structures, and on farming.Ownership of space is not restricted to land. Ownership of airspace and of waters is decided internationally. Other forms of ownership have been recently asserted to other spaces — for example to the radio bands of the electromagnetic spectrum or to cyberspace.Public space is a term used to define areas of land is collectively owned by the community, and managed in their name by delegated authorities. Such spaces are open to all, while private property is the land owned by an individual or company, for their own use and pleasure.Abstract space is a term used in geography to refer to a hypothetical space characterized by complete homogeneity. When modeling activity or behavior, it is a conceptual tool used to limit extraneous variables such as terrain.In psychologyThe way in which space is perceived is an area which psychologists first began to study in the middle of the 19th century, and it is now thought by those concerned with such studies to be a distinct branch within psychology. Psychologists analysing the perception of space are concerned with how recognition of an object"s physical appearance or its interactions are perceived.Other, more specialised topics studied include amodal perception and object permanence. The perception of surroundings is important due to its necessary relevance to survival, especially with regards to hunting and self preservation.Phobias include: * Agoraphobia is a fear of open spaces. * Astrophobia is a fear of celestial space. * Claustrophobia is a fear of enclosed spaces. * Kenophobia is a fear of empty spaces.In anatomyIn anatomy, a space (or spatium) is an area of the human body with certain borders consisting of anatomic structures, e.g. the axillary space.

高效分子量排阻层析（HPSEC）又称高效凝胶过滤层析，它根据分子量大小来分离分子。凝胶基质由特定大小孔隙的球形小珠组成，不同分子量的分子从孔中排阻通过，发生分离。小分子进入孔内，会延滞它们通过层析柱，而大分子避开孔，洗脱入层析柱外水体积。因此，样品根据分子量大小进行分离，并依照分子量递减顺序洗脱。 依据层析目的和所需的分辨率来选择操作条件和介质。分子量排阻层析中一种常规的方法为基团分离，包括： 脱盐— 目标分子洗脱出来，而小分子保留在凝胶孔内。为了获得理想的分离，基质的分子量排阻限度应比目 标分子小。 分级分离— 一定分子量范围的分子在凝胶基质内分离。使用这种方法时，目标分子应当在凝胶的分级分离范 围以内。 高效分子量排阻层析常规应用包括蛋白分级分离及分子量确定、核酸分离、质粒纯化和多糖分级分离。 层析分辨率取决于颗粒大小、孔径大小、流速、层析柱尺寸和样品体积。通常，低流速（2–10 cm/hr）、细长 柱、小颗粒凝胶、小样品体积（总床体积的1–5%）、2 倍的分子量差异以及相同的溶液粘度，可以获得最高分辨率。 如果用于脱盐，样品体积则可达到总床体积的30–40%，并可使用短粗柱。与分子筛层析(gel filtration chromatography)相比，HPSEC在分辨率以及分离时间上都具有明显的优势。

The above methods are all based on image analysis. 上述方法都是基于图像分析。 There are several traditional, non-image based methods for quantification of internal granule structure. 有几种传统的,非基于图像的量化内部颗粒结构方法。 These methods include pycnometry [27], mercury porosimetry [19,28,29], nitrogen adsorption technique or 这些方法包括pycnometry、汞porosimetry[27](19、28、29]、氮气吸附技术或 BET analysis [28,30] and Inverse Gas Chromatography, IGC, [31]. BET分析[28,30]以及反气相色谱仪,或IGC[31]。 Acquiring the internal granule structure by modern methods, such as image-based techniques, is often costly due to operating and capital costs of equipment such as X-ray micro-tomography (XMT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM). 用现代的方法获取内部颗粒结构,如影像学技术,往往是昂贵的,由于操作及资金成本，如x射线micro-tomography(XMT)、磁共振成像(MRI)和透射电子显微镜等设备(TEM)。 However, these are more accurate and give more information which cannot otherwise be obtained by the traditional methods. 然而,这些都是更准确的，给出的信息更多, 这些信息也无法用传统方法获得的。XMT has been used in the field of granulation technology for analysis of the internal structure of granules [19] and tablets [32], external particle shape [33] and characterisation of agglomerate structure for DEM XMT已被用于颗粒技术领域，分析颗粒(19]和片剂[32]的内在结构外部颗粒形状,[33]和DEM的结块性结构特征 simulations [14]. 模拟[14]。 An important challenge of the granulation technology is to produce consistent granule structure and shape which in turn lead to more uniform properties such as strength and dissolution rate. 颗粒技术上的一个重要的挑战是生产出结构和形状一致的颗粒，从而得到更均匀的性质,如强度、溶解率。 This is difficult without introducing a method to quantify the granulestructure. 如果没有一个定量研究颗粒结构的方法，这将是非常困难的。In this paper we use some structure descriptors such as chord length distribution and phase function to enable quantification of internal structure of granules. 在本文中,我们使用一些结构描述符,如弦长分布和相位函数, 从而量化颗粒的内部结构。 The characterisation of granule strength [34–39] and structure [14] has previously been reported. 各种颗粒的强度[34-39]和结构的特征[14]过去曾有过报告。 However, there is no work on the effect of different operating conditions, such as impeller speed on the internal granule structure. 然而,没有关于不同的操作条件对工作的影响,如叶轮速度对内部颗粒结构的影响的报告。 The objective of this work is to acquire the internal structure of granules by high resolution X-ray microtomography and to analyse it using a software package developed by Stepanek et al. [40]. 本文的目的是利用高分辨x射线microtomography获得颗粒的内部结构，并使用一个由Stepanek 等人开发的软件来分析它。【40]。 The granules used in this work were produced at three different impeller speeds in a high shear granulator. 这项工作使用的颗粒是在三种不同速度的叶轮高剪切造粒下产生的。

过度-空气的因素指示 l(Lambda) 已经被选择识别过度-空气的因素 (或者空气比) 过去一直定量那传布在真实的现在大众的 A/F 比和理论上的最适宜 (14.7:1) 之间: 归纳法气团的 l= Ratio 晾干制的 stoichiometric 燃烧的需求。 l=1: 被引导的气团符合理论上的需求。 l<1: 指出空气缺乏,产生一个对应的富有混合汽。最大动力起源于 l=0.85.。.. l>1: 这一范围有过度空气和稀混合汽的特点, 带领降低燃料消耗量而且减少电力。 潜在的最大价值为 l-呼叫 " 瘦肉-烧伤的界限 (LML)"-本质上被设计定义那引擎和它的混合汽形成/归纳法制度。 超过那瘦肉-烧伤的界限混合汽停止是易起火的，而且燃烧过错开始 ,被可观退化陪伴操作柔滑。在以系统为特色进入室之内直接地注射燃料的引擎中, 自从燃烧以后这些和实质上比较高的过度-空气的因素 (对 l 扩充 =4) 操作依照不同的法律收入。 火花-点火的引擎用多种的注入在 5 空气缺乏生产最大动力。。.%(l=0.95.。.),但是最大值燃料经济在 10 点进来.。.% 过度晾干制的 (l=1.1.。.).图 1 和 2 举例说明效果那在电力、特性燃料消耗量和有毒散发的世代的过度-空气的因素。 美国标准能被见到, 没有能同时地产生所有的三个因素的最有利的水平的单一过度-空气的因素。 晾干制的 l 的因素 =0.9.。. 生产 " 有条件最佳 " 燃料经济与在真实的练习中的 " 有条件最佳 " 发电装置。 一经引擎对它的正常操作温度温暖, l 的精确和一致维护 =1 对废气的 3 方法接触反应治疗是重要的。 满意的这一个需求需要归纳法的精确监听-气团和燃料块的精确的以计量器计量。来自被装备多种的注入的现在的引擎的最佳的燃烧仰赖一个同种的混合汽和精确的以计量器计量的形成那注射了燃料量。 这使有效的喷雾器必要。 使这一个需求满意的失败将会养育那浓缩燃料对摄取广阔的地面的墙壁的大小滴的形成和在燃烧室中。 这些小滴将会无法完全地消耗，而且终极的结果将会是较高的 HC 散发。

quantile的中文翻译是分位数词语分析：音标：英 ["kwu0252ntau026al]美 ["kwu0252ntau026al]n. [计] 分位数；分位点网络释义：分位数；分位点数；狂忒二回归专业释义：分位数 [经济学]；分位数 [计算机科学技术]短语搭配：1、quantile fractile 分位点2、quantile estimate 分位数估计3、quantile autoregression 分位数自回归例句：1、If you set this parameter to zero or "1", no quantile statistics are collected.如果将这个参数设置为零或“1”，则不收集任何分位数统计信息。2、There are different types of distribution statistics -- frequency and quantile statistics.有两种不同类型的分布统计信息 —— 频率统计信息和分位数统计信息。3、Quantile statistics provide the information whether the values of a column are clustered or not.分位数统计信息提供关于一个列中的值是否聚合的信息。同义词：n.[计]分位数；分位点fractile

　　performance criteria　　英 [pu0259u02c8fu0254:mu0259ns krau026au02c8tu026au0259ru026au0259]　　美 [pu025au02c8fu0254rmu0259ns krau026au02c8tu026aru026au0259]　　[释义][计] 性能标准，性能准则;　　[网络]性能指标; 性能标准; 实施准则,实行标准;　　[例句]The requirements gathering process of any project should incorporate operational aspects that quantify acceptable performance criteria of the solution.　　任何项目的需求收集过程都应该结合操作方面，它们量化了解决方案的可接受性能标准。

Defining cell types requires integrating diverse single-cell measurements from multiple experiments and biological contexts（ 这个不用多介绍了，一个样本发文章的时代早就过去了 ）. To flexibly model singlecell datasets, we developed LIGER, an algorithm that delineates shared and dataset-specific features of cell identity. We applied it to four diverse and challenging analyses of human and mouse brain cells. （1） First, we defined region-specific and sexually dimorphic gene expression in the mouse bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.（ 这个地方用到了形态学方法方面的辅助，以检验整合结果的优劣 ） （2）Second, we analyzed expression in the human substantia nigra, comparing cell states in specific donors and relating cell types to those in the mouse.（ 跨物种之间的整合结果检验 ） （3）Third, we integrated in situ and singlecell expression data to spatially locate fine subtypes of cells present in the mouse frontal cortex.（ 原位和单细胞共同的分析检验 ）。 Finally, we jointly defined mouse cortical cell types using single-cell RNA-seq and DNA methylation profiles（ DNA甲基化，这个不是我们今天的重点 ）, revealing putative mechanisms of cell-type-specific epigenomic regulation（ 表观调控 ）. Integrative analyses using LIGER promise to accelerate investigations of celltype definition, gene regulation, and disease states（ 让我们拭目以待 ）。 The function of the mammalian brain is dependent upon the coordinated activity of highly specialized cell types.（ 第一句话就很重要，强调了细胞空间位置的重要性，这也是为什么现在推出10X空间转录组的原因 ）。单细胞技术have provided an unprecedented opportunity to systematically identify these cellular specializations，across multiple regions，in the context of perturbations，and in related species（ 每次读到这里，都会想空间转录组如果也是单细胞精度就非常完美了 ），Furthermore, new technologies can now measure DNA methylation（ 甲基化的结果也是非常的重要，大家可以深入的学习，这个方面你的大牛是汤富筹（不知道名字打对了没） ），chromatin accessibility（ 这个就是ATAC ），and in situ expression（ 原位杂交 ），in thousands to millions of cells.（ 庞大的单细胞数据目前也是一个大问题，其中张泽民团队研究的新冠文章细胞数量达到恐怖的百万级 ）Each of these experimental contexts and measurement modalities provides a different glimpse into cellular identity. Integrative computational tools that can flexibly combine individual single-cell datasets into a unified, shared analysis offer many exciting biological opportunities.（ 整合分析的必要性 ），The major challenge of integrative analysis lies in reconciling the immense heterogeneity observed across individual datasets.（ 现在不止免疫的个体异质性了，很多都设及到批次 ）。However, in many kinds of analysis, both dataset similarities and differences are biologically important, such as when we seek to compare and contrast scRNA-seq data from healthy and disease-affected individuals。 To address these challenges, we developed a new computational method called LIGER (linked inference of genomic experimental relationships). We show here that LIGER enables the identification of shared cell types across individuals, species, and multiple modalities (gene expression, epigenetic, or spatial data), as well as dataset-specific features, offering a unified analysis of heterogeneous single-cell datasets.（ 在这里我们只关注样本的差异去除，至于物种可以了解一下 ）。 LIGER takes as input multiple single-cell datasets, which may be scRNA-seq experiments from different individuals, time points, or species—or measurements from different molecular modalities, such as single-cell epigenome data or spatial gene expression data（ 个体，物种，技术 ） LIGER then employs integrative non-negative matrix factorization (iNMF)（ 不知道大家对非负矩阵分解有多少了解 ） to learn a low-dimensional space in which each cell is defined by one set of dataset-specific factors, or metagenes, and another set of shared metagenes。 We assessed the performance of LIGER through the use of two metrics: alignment and agreement （ 这里应该理解为指标 ）。 Alignment measures the uniformity of mixing for two or more samples in the aligned latent space.（ 衡量对齐的潜在空间中两个或多个样本的混合均匀性。 ），This metric should be high when datasets share underlying cell types, and low when datasets do not share cognate populations.（ 我们暂且记住这个注释 ）。The second metric, agreement , quantifies the similarity of each cell"s neighborhood when a dataset is analyzed separately versus jointly with other datasets（ 量化相似性 ）。High agreement indicates that cell-type relationships are preserved with minimal distortion in the joint analysis.（ 高度aggrement表明，在联合分析中，细胞类型关系得以保留，并且失真最小 ）。 We calculated alignment and agreement metrics using published datasets，comparing the LIGER analyses to those generated by the Seurat package（ 和Seurat相比较 ），We first ran our analyses on a pair of scRNA-seq datasets from human blood cells that show primarily technical differences（ 技术上带来的批次 ），and should thus yield a high degree of alignment. Indeed, LIGER and Seurat show similarly high alignment statistics，and LIGER"s joint clusters match the published cluster assignments for the individual datasets An important application of integrative single-cell analysis in neuroscience is to quantify cell-type variation across different brain regions and different members of the same species. To examine LIGER"s performance in these tasks, we analyzed the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a subcortical region composed of multiple subnuclei，implicated in social, stress-related, and reward behaviors，To date, scRNA-seq has not been performed on BNST, providing an opportunity to clarify how cell types are shared between this structure and datasets generated from related tissues. We isolated, sequenced, and analyzed 204,737 nuclei enriched for the BNST region。Initial clustering identified 106,728 neurons, of which 70.2% were localized to BNST by examination of marker expression in the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA)，Clustering analysis revealed 41 transcriptionally distinct populations of BNST-localized neurons（ 单纯的聚类分析 ） 这个地方设及到因子分析，不知道大家没有过多的分析过，我们下一篇文章分享这个，但是这里的差异分析大家要关注一下，不知道大家知不知道这个差异基因排序的原理以及什么软件做的，知道的话，恭喜你，赶紧尝试一下吧 。 这里对不同技术进行整合，我们简单看一下 To perform online iNMF, we need to install the latest Liger package from GitHub. Please see the instruction below. We first create a Liger object by passing the filenames of HDF5 files containing the raw count data. The data can be downloaded here . Liger assumes by default that the HDF5 files are formatted by the 10X CellRanger pipeline. Large datasets are often generated over multiple 10X runs (for example, multiple biological replicates). In such cases it may be necessary to merge the HDF5 files from each run into a single HDF5 file. We provide the mergeH5 function for this purpose (see below for details). We then perform the normalization, gene selection, and gene scaling in an online fashion, reading the data from disk in small batches. Now we can use online iNMF to factorize the data, again using only minibatches that we read from the HDF5 files on demand (default mini-batch size = 5000). Sufficient number of iterations is crucial for obtaining ideal factorization result. If the size of the mini-batch is set to be close to the size of the whole dataset (i.e. an epoch only contains one iteration), max.epochs needs to be increased accordingly for more iterations. After performing the factorization, we can perform quantile normalization to align the datasets. We can also visualize the cell factor loadings in two dimensions using t-SNE or UMAP. Let"s first evaluate the quality of data alignment. The alignment score ranges from 0 (no alignment) to 1 (perfect alignment). With HDF5 files as input, we need to sample the raw, normalized, or scaled data from the full dataset on disk and load them in memory. Some plotting functions and downstream analyses are designed to operate on a subset of cells sampled from the full dataset. This enables rapid analysis using limited memory. The readSubset function allows either uniform random sampling or sampling balanced by cluster. Here we extract the normalized count data of 5000 sampled cells. Using the sampled data stored in memory, we can now compare clusters or datasets (within each cluster) to identify differentially expressed genes. The runWilcoxon function performs differential expression analysis by performing an in-memory Wilcoxon rank-sum test on this subset. Thus, users can still analyze large datasets with a fixed amount of memory. Here we show the top 10 genes in cluster 1 whose expression level significantly differ between two dataset. We can show UMAP coordinates of sampled cells by their loadings on each factor (Factor 1 as an example). Underneath it displays the most highly loading shared and dataset-specific genes, with the size of the marker indicating the magnitude of the loading. We can generate plots of dimensional reduction coordinates colored by expression of specified gene. The first two UMAP dimensions and gene ISG15 (identified by Wilcoxon test in the previous step) is used as an example here. Furthermore, we can make violin plots of expression of specified gene for each dataset (ISG15 as an example). The online algorithm can be implemented on datasets loaded in memory as well. The same analysis is performed on the PBMCs, shown below. 如果有条件的话，不妨试一下，如何灵活运用这个软件，就看大家的需求了 生活很好，有你更好

measure的读音是：英["me__(r)]。measure的读音是：英["me__(r)]。measure的例句是用作名词(n.)Thegovernmenthastakenmeasurestorestraininflation.政府已采取措施控制通货膨胀。measure【近义词】count。一、详尽释义点此查看measure的详细内容n.(名词)程度措施，方法，手段标准，基准，尺度度量法度量单位尺寸，分量限度；适度；分寸议案，法令【音】拍子；小节；旋律量器，度量器具舞蹈【印刷】行宽；页宽【数】测度v.(动词)测量，度量，有?长配给权衡，酌量；使相比较估量，判断（人物、力量）判定取出所需量达到预期的要求，符合标准打量比赛，较量被测量二、英英释义Noun:anymaneuvermadeaspartofprogresstowardagoal;"thesituationcalledforstrongmeasures""thepolicetookstepstoreducecrime"howmuchthereisorhowmanythereareofsomethingthatyoucanquantifyastatuteindraftbeforeitbecomeslaw;"theyheldapublichearingonthebill"theactorprocessofassigningnumberstophenomenaaccordingtoarule;"themeasurementswerecarefullydone""hismentalmeasuringsprovedremarkablyaccurate"abasisforcomparison;areferencepointagainstwhichotherthingscanbeevaluated;"theschoolscomplywithfederalstandards""theysetthemeasureforallsubsequentwork"(prosody)theaccentinametricalfootofversemusicalnotationforarepeatingpatternofmusicalbeats;"theorchestraomittedthelasttwelvebarsofthesong"measuringinstrumenthavingasequenceofmarksatregularintervals;usedasareferenceinmakingmeasurementsacontainerofsomestandardcapacitythatisusedtoobtainfixedamountsofasubstanceVerb:determinethemeasurementsofsomethingorsomebody,takemeasurementsof;"Measurethelengthofthewall"expressasanumberormeasureorquantity;"Canyouquantifyyourresults?"havecertaindimensions;"Thistablesurfacesmeasures20inchesby36inches"evaluateorestimatethenature,quality,ability,extent,orsignificanceof;"Iwillhavethefamilyjewelsappraisedbyaprofessional""accessallthefactorswhentakingarisk"三、网络解释1.1.测量阶段：界定阶段(define)、测量阶段(measure)、分析阶段(analyze)、改进阶段(improve)、控制阶段(control)ISO9000族标准是国际标准化组织(ISO)于1987年颁布的在全世界范围内通用的关于质量管理和质量保证方面的系列标准.2.衡量：参加培训者必须能够:了解销售的基本原则发掘并确认客户的需求发展你的销售方案每次拜访前做好准备正确使用视觉性资料为确定客户的需求,我们必须了解客户的以下信息:组织结构(Organization)目标(Objective)目的(Goal)策略(Strategy)衡量(Measure)中长期行动计划(四、例句Thegovernmenthastakenmeasurestorestraininflation.政府已采取措施控制通货膨胀。Thestandardkilogramismaintainedasameasureofmass.标准的千克是测量质量的量度Iwantthesuitmadetohisownmeasure.我想要这套西装照他自己的尺寸做。Youarerightinsomemeasure.从某种程度上来说你是对的。Ifthismeasurefails,thereareothermethodswecouldfallbackon.这个措施要是不行,我们还可采取别的办法。Theymeasuredtheheightoftheceiling.他们测量了天花板的高度。Shemeasuredherpowerwiththatofadangerousadversary.她拿自己的力量和危险的敌手进行较量Aboveallitwillgiveusanopportunitytoreciprocateinsomesmallmeasurethetrulywarmwelcomeandgeneroushospitalityextendedtous.更重要的是，这将使我们有机会以微薄的方式报答你们给予的十分热烈的欢迎和盛情款待。Hemeasuredhiswordswithcaution.他仔细斟酌着字句。五、常用短语用作动词(v.)measurefor(v.+prep.)为?量?makeameasureforsb/sthmeasuresbforsthThetailormeasuredmeforasuit.裁缝给我量了做套装的尺寸。measureoff(v.+adv.)量出measureandusuallytake(anamount)fromalargerpiecemeasuresth_offIaskedtheshop-assistanttomeasureofftwometresofbluecorduroyforme.我叫营业员给我量两米蓝灯芯绒。Pleasemeasureoffenoughclothforthreepairsoftrousers.请给我量出够三条裤子的布来。Theymeasuredoffahalf-acreplotforahouselot.他们划出一块半英亩的地皮来做房屋地基。Theymeasuredofftheareainwhichtheywouldwork.他们测出他们工作的地方,并标了界。measureout(v.+adv.)跌倒fallflatmeasuresth_outThepharmacistcarefullymeasuredoutadoseofherbalmedicineandtoldmehowtobrewit.药剂师仔细地配好一服中药,并告诉我煎药的方法。Lifemeasuresoutitsrewardsinwaysunrelatedtohowpeopledeservethem.生活分送给人们的报酬与人们是否应该得到的无关。measureoutone"slengthHetrippedonastoneandmeasuredouthislengthonthepavement.他给石头绊了一下,摔倒在人行道上。measureup(v.+adv.)证明自己的价值proveone"sworthmeasureupWillyoumeasureuporshallI?是你来量还是我来量?You"llfindFatherontopoftheladder,measuringup.你会看到父亲站在梯子的最高处测量呢。measuresb/sth_upI"lljustmeasureyouup,sir,ifImay?先生,我这就给您量量衣服尺码行吗?Hemeasuredupthewoodbeforehestarted.他在动工前先把木头量了一下。measuresth_upTakealittletimetomeasureupyourchancesbeforedeciding.在决定之前花点时间估计一下你有几分把握。measureupIalwaysgivenewworkersashortcontracttobeginwith,asIwanttoseehowtheymeasureupbeforeIemploythemonalastingbasis.雇用工人时我先同他们订个短期合同,我要看看他们的能力再决定是否长期雇用。measureupto(v.+adv.+prep.)符合,一致beequaltoorthesameas(sth)measureuptosthHerperformancedidn"tmeasureuptotheexpectationsofherboss.她的表现辜负了老板的期望。Hemeasuresuptohisjobineveryway.他在各方面都很称职。Theprisonermeasuresuptothedescriptionthepolicehaveofthewantedjewelthief.这个囚犯同警方描绘的受通缉的盗窃珠宝犯的特征完全符合。Thewashingmachinedidn"tmeasureuptothequalitystandards.这台洗衣机没有达到质量标准。Thenewtechniquemeasuresuptoadvancedworldstandard.这项新技术达到了世界先进水平。用作名词(n.)beyondmeasure非常地,极其verygreatforgoodmeasure额外的量,外加的项目asanextraamountofsthorasanadditionalitemget〔take〕themeasureof估计(某人的)性格或能力assesssb"scharacterorabilitiesgivefullmeasure给足分量giveexactlythanthecorrectamountgivesbfullmeasureI"msuretheshopkeepergavemefullmeasurewhensheweighedoutthepotatoes.我肯定,那店老板给我称土豆时称足了分量。maketomeasure定做make(agarment)aftertakingindividualmeasurementsmakesthtomeasureDoyoumakesuitstomeasure?你定做西装吗?六、词汇搭配用作动词(v.)～+名词measuredepth测量深度measuredistance测量距离measuretime测量时间～+副词measureaccurately准确地测量measurecarefully仔细地测量measureconsciously清醒地测量measureeffectually有效地测量measureequally相同地测量measureinaccurately不准确地测量measureindividually单独地测量measurejudiciously明智地测量measurelavishly大量地测量measuremechanically机械地测量measuremystically神秘地测量measurequantitatively定量测量measureradically根本地测量measurescientifically科学地测量measuretediously乏味地测量measureoff区分,区划,量出measureup衡量～+介词measureagainst把?同?作比较measureby根据?测量measurefor为?而给?量尺寸measurefrom从?开始测量measureto测量到measureupto与?相称用作名词(n.)动词+～adoptmeasure采取措施carryoutmeasures实施措施fillupthemeasureof做尽(恶事),更不幸的是?formulatemeasures提出措施givesbfullmeasure给足某人分量knownomeasure没有边际,没有止境rejectameasure拒绝接受某一措施takemeasures采取措施takesb"smeasure给某人量尺寸形容词+～adequatemeasure适当的措施alternativemeasure可供选择的方案angularmeasure角度bestpossiblemeasure万全之策commendablemeasure可取的措施comprehensivemeasure全面的措施compulsorymeasure强制措施correspondingmeasure相应的措施cubicmeasure体积defensivemeasure防御措施disciplinarymeasure惩罚措施effectivemeasure有效措施expedientmeasure权宜之计forcefulmeasure强有力的措施fullmeasure足量importantmeasure重要措施liquidmeasure液量long-termmeasure长期措施metricmeasure公制preventivemeasure防御措施propermeasure适当的措施protectivemeasure保护措施provisionalmeasure临时措施remedialmeasure补救措施repressivemeasure镇压措施restrictivemeasure限制性的措施short-termmeasure短期措施,权宜之计solidmeasure容积squaremeasure面积timelymeasure及时的措施usefulmeasure有用的措施vigorousmeasure积极措施名词+～litremeasure升量器subsidiarymeasure辅助措施tapemeasure皮(卷)尺介词+～inacertainmeasure在某种程度上,多多少少inlargemeasure在很大程度上tomeasure依照尺寸定制的withinmeasure适度的withoutmeasure过分地七、常见错误n.(名词)我可以照你的身材给你做件晚礼服。误Icanmakeaneveningdressforyourmeasure.正Icanmakeaneveningdresstoyourmeasure.析表示“照?尺寸”用介词to而不用for。measure的相关近义词count、estimate、gauge、rule、weigh、dimension、extent、size、volume、weight、criterion、rule、testmeasure的相关临近词measured、measurable、measures、measurer、measureme、measuremen、measureing、measureto、measureup、measureout、Measurelie、measureage点此查看更多关于measure的详细信息

At a local level, they quantify the degree of spatial association at each data site, which, when mapped, identify the spatial distribution of clusters of anomalou values in the landscape.主语they谓语quantify宾语the degree of spatial association状语at each data site定语（从句）which, when mapped, identify the spatial distribution of clusters of anomalou values in the landscape.quantify [u02c8kwu0254ntifai] vt. 确定…的数量

Qualification n.资格，限定条件；合格证Qualify v.使合格；(对词义)限制，修饰Qualitative a.质量上的，定性的，性质上Quality n.质量；品质，特性Quantify vt.确定…的数量Quantitative a.数量的Quantity n.数量，量；[常pl.]大量，大宗Quarrel n.&vi.争吵，吵架Quart n.夸脱(=2品脱)Quarter n.四分之一；一刻钟；地区；(pl.)住处Quarterly a./ad.季度的/地 n.季刊Quartz n.石英Queen n.女王；(纸牌、国际象棋中的)王后Queer adj. 奇怪的Quench vt.扑灭，熄灭；止(渴)Quest v./n.探索，寻找，追求Question n.问题；待解决的问题；疑问 vt.询问Questionnaire n.调查表Queue n.队，列 vi.排队Quick a.快的，迅速的；敏捷的，伶俐的；性急的Quiet a.安静的；宁静的 vt.使安静 vi.平静下来Quit vt.离开，退出；停止，放弃 vi.离开；辞职Quite ad.完全，十分；相当地Quiver vi.微微颤动Quiz n.小测验；猜谜或问答节目 vt.进行测验Quota n.(生产、进出口等的)配额，(移民的)限额Quotation n.引语，语录Quote vt.引用；报价 vi.引用，引证

qualify

1，queen--女王；2，quick--快；3，quit--放弃；4，query--查询；5，quantity--数量；6，quality--质量；7，quilt--被子；8，quiet--安静；9，QuickTime；10，question --问题11，quarter四分之一；12，quarrel争吵；13，quotation 引文；14，quite 相当；15，queue行列；16，quiz 小测验；17，qulification品质 ；18，quest--请求；19，quickly；20，quietly；21，qualify；22，qualified；23，qualifier；24，qualifiers；25，

quantity 英[u02c8kwu0252ntu0259ti]美[u02c8kwɑ:ntu0259ti]n. 量，数量; 定量，大批; 数目; [语音学、韵律学]音量; （指元音或音节的长短）[网络] 货物数量; 定量; 重量;[例句]The bowl needs to be re-frozen after each use, so it takes a long time to make a large quantity.这种碗每次使用之后都需要重新冷冻，因此要做大份食物时需要很长时间。[其他] 复数：quantities 形近词： quantify quantise quantile

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[S] = singular 单数 强调这个字单数 [C] = countable noun 可数名词 [U] = uncountable noun 不可数名词 talent [C or U] His work shows great talent. [U] He is a man of many talents. [C] ~ in plural entertainment [C or U] There isn"t much entertainment for young people in this town. [U] There"s a full programme of entertainments every evening. [C] ~ in plural [C or U] 只应用在 noun 上 字可以 countable 或 uncountable 看怎样用 countable noun 可以 singular 或 plural book ~ singular books ~ plural 通常 uncountable noun 用 singular verb Chemistry is difficult. ( is ~ singular verb) Note: [S] = singular 单数 不是加 -s 做复数 genesis 是单数 geneses 是复数 2014-09-08 02:28:33 补充： countable noun 用 many few uncountable noun 用 much little "some" 和 "a lot of " 可以用在 both 上 a 和 one 通常只可用在单数 countable noun 重要分别出 noun 是 countable 或 uncountable or both 好字典有列出 advice baggage luggage furniture 是 uncountable noun a advice one luggage o advices many luggages 是错 2014-09-08 02:37:58 补充： ~ quantify uncountable noun a piece of advice o slices of bread three bags of rice paper [U] = 纸 paper [C] = 文件 文章 报纸 Subject/Verb agreement A slice of bread is on the table. Two slices of bread are on the table. 参考: Oxford Dictionary; Cambridge Dictionary

内容简介回到顶部↑Drawing on her own groundbreaking research with thousands of men and women, research psychologist and University of California professor of psychology Sonja Lyubomirsky has pioneered a detailed yet easy-to-follow plan to increase happiness in our day-to-day lives-in the short term and over the long term. The How of Happiness is a different kind of happiness book, one that offers a comprehensive guide to understanding what happiness is, and isn"t, and what can be done to bring us all closer to the happy life we envision for ourselves. Using more than a dozen uniquely formulated happiness-increasing strategies, The How of Happiness offers a new and potentially life- changing way to understand our innate potential for joy and happiness as well as our ability to sustain it in our lives. Beginning with a short diagnostic quiz that helps readers to first quantify and then to understand what she describes as their "happiness set point," Lyubomirsky reveals that this set point determines just 50 percent of happiness while a mere 10 percent can be attributed to differences in life circumstances or situations. This leaves a startling, and startlingly underdeveloped, 40 percent of our capacity for happiness within our power to change. Lyubomirsky"s "happiness strategies" introduce readers to the concept of intentional activities, mindful actions that they can use to achieve a happier life. These include exercises in practicing optimism when imagining the future, instruction in how best to savor life"s pleasures in the here and now, and a thoroughgoing explanation of the importance of staying active to being happy. Helping readers find the right fit between the goals they set and the activities she suggests, Lyubomirsky also helps readers understand the many obstacles to happiness as well as how to harness individual strengths to overcome them. Always emphasizing how much of our happiness is within our control, Lyubomirsky addresses the "scientific how" of her happiness research, demystifying the many myths that unnecessarily complicate its pursuit. Unlike those of many self-help books, all her recommendations are supported by scientific research. The How of Happiness is both a powerful contribution to the field of positive psychology and a gift to all those who have questioned their own well- being and sought to take their happiness into their own hands 目录回到顶部↑Foreword Part One How to Attain Real and Lasting Happiness 1. Is It Possible to Become Happier? A Program for Lasting Happiness Do You Know What Makes You Happy? Discovering the Real Keys to Happiness The Most Rewarding "Work" You"ll Ever Do Why Be Happy? 2. How Happy Are You and Why? Where Do You Fit In? Happiness Myths The Limits of Life Circumstances The Happiness Set Point The Promise of Intentional Activity Conclusion 3. How to Find Happiness Activities That Fit Your Interests, Your Values, and Your Needs Three Ways That Strategies Can Fit Corniness, Again Person-Activity Fit Diagnostic P.S. More Options Final Words .Part Two Happiness Activities Foreword to Part Two: Before You Begin 4.Practicing Gratitude and Positive Thinking Happiness Activity No. 1：Expressing Gratitude Happiness Activity No. 2:Cultivating Optimis Happiness Activity No. 3: Avoiding Overthinking and Social Comparison ……

六级核心词汇 (一定要把形容词找出来吗?)1, acquisition n. 获得,添加的物品 2, adolescent a. 青春期的,青年的 n. 青少年 3, adverse a. 不利的,敌对的,相反的,逆的 4, aesthetic a. 美学的,审美的,有美感 5, affiliate vt. 附属,接纳 vi. 有关 6, afflict vt. 使痛苦,折磨 7, aggravate vt. 使恶化,使更加重 8, agitation n.鼓动,煸动;搅动 9, alleviate vt. 减轻,使缓和 10, amends n. 赔偿 11, anonymous a. 匿名的 12, appraisal n. 评价,估价,鉴定 13, articulate a. 发音清晰的,听得懂的 14, ascertain vt.查明,确定,弄清 15, ascribe vt.把…归于 16, assault vt.袭击;殴打 n.攻击 17, assert vt.断言,宣称;维护 18, asset n. 资产,有用的东西 19, assimilate vt. 使同化,吸收,比较 20, attorney n.代理人;辩护律师 21, augment vt.vi.n. 增加,增大 22, authentic a. 真实的,可靠的,可信的 23, avail vt.有益于 n.效用 24, avert vt. 转开,避免,防止 25, baffle vt.使挫折 n.迷惑 26, barren a.贫瘠的;不妊的 27, batch n. 一组,分批,成批,批 28, bizarre a. 奇异的 29, bleak a. 萧瑟的,苍白的,荒凉的 30, blunder vi.犯大错 n.大错 31, blunt a. 钝的,坦率的,麻痹的 32, bonus n. 奖金,红利 33, brace n.支柱 vt.拉紧,撑牢 34, brittle a.脆的;易损坏的 35, capsule n. 胶囊,瓶帽,太空舱 36, casualty n. 伤亡,受害者 37, ceramic a. 陶器的 n. 陶瓷制品 38, cereal n.谷类,五谷,禾谷 39, commentary n. 注释,评论,批评 40, commitment n. 委托,实行,承担义务,赞助 41, commute vt. 交换,兑换, 经常来往 42, compatible a.一致的;兼容制的 43, competence n. 胜任,资格,能力 44, compile vt.编辑,编制,搜集 45, compulsory a.强迫的,义务的 46, concede vt. 承认,退让 vi. 让步 47, conceive vt.设想,以为;怀孕 48, concession n.让步,迁就 49, concise a. 简洁的,简明的 50, confer vt. 赠予,协议 vi. 协商 51, configuration n. 结构,配置,形态 52, conform vt.使遵守 vi.一致 53, confusion n.混乱;骚乱;混淆 54, consecutive a. 连续的,联贯的,始终一贯的 55, consensus n. 一致 56, conserve vt. 保存,保全 n. 蜜饯,果酱 57, conspicuous a. 显著的,显眼的,出众的 58, constituent a.形成的 n.选民 59, constrain vt. 强迫,勉强,驱使 60, consultant n. 顾问,商议者 61, contaminate vt. 弄脏,毒害,传染 62, contemplate vt. 注视,沉思,打算 vi. 冥思苦想 63, contempt n.轻蔑;藐视 64, contend vi.竞争 vt.坚决主张 65, contradict vt.反驳,否认 66, contrive vt.vi. 发明,设计,图谋 67, controversial a. 争论的,论争的,被议论的 68, controversy n.争论,辩论,争吵 69, converge vi. 聚合,集中于一点 70, convict n. 囚犯,罪犯 vt. 宣告有罪 71, cordial a.真诚的,诚恳的 72, corps n. 军团,队,团,兵种 73, corrode vt.vi 腐蚀,侵蚀,破坏 74, corrupt vt.贿赂 a.腐败的 75, costume n. 装束,服装 76, courtesy n.礼貌,谦恭,请安 77, cripple n.跛子;残废的人 78, criterion n.标准,准则,尺度 79, crucial a. 决定性的,重要的,严厉的 80, cue n. 开端,线索,发辫,长队 81, culminate vi.vi. 到绝顶,达于极点,达到高潮 82, cumulative a. 累积的 83, curb n. 抑制,勒马绳 vt. 抑制,束缚 84, curt a. 简略的,简短的,生硬的 85, cynical a. 愤世嫉俗的,讽刺的,冷嘲的 86, deficit n. 赤字,不足额 87, degenerate a. 堕落的 vi.vt使变质,使退化 . 88, deliberate a.深思熟虑的;审慎的 89, denote vt.指示,意味着 90, denounce vt.谴责,声讨;告发 91, depict vt. 描述,描写 92, designate vt.指出,指示;指定 93, despatch vt.vi.n. 派遣 94, despise vt.鄙视,蔑视 95, deteriorate vt.vi. (使)恶化 96, diffuse vt.vi. 散播,传播 a. 散开的,弥漫的 97, dilemma n. 困境,进退两难的局面 98, dilute vt. 冲淡,稀释 a. 淡的,稀释的 99, discern vt.看出,辨出;辨别 100, discrepancy n. 相差,差异,差别 101, discrete a. 不连续的, 离散的 102, disguise vi.隐瞒,掩埋 n.假装 103, dismay n.惊慌,沮丧,灰心 104, dispatch vt.派遣;调度 n.急件 105, disperse vt.(使)分散;驱散 106, disposition n. 性情,处置,处理,布置 107, disrupt a. 分裂的,分散的 vt. 使分裂,使瓦解 108, dissipate vt.驱散;浪费vi.消散 109, distil v. 蒸馏, 提取....的精华 110, disturbance n.动乱;干扰;侵犯 111, divine a.神的;敬神的 112, drastic a.激烈的;严厉的 113, dubious a. 可疑的,不确定的 114, dwell n.居住 vi.凝思,细想 115, eccentric n. 怪人,偏心圆 a. 古怪的,不同圆心的 116, edible a. 可食用的 n. 食品,食物 117, ego n. 自我 118, elicit vt. 引出,抽出,引起 119, elite n. 精华,精锐,中坚分子 120, eloquent a. 雄辩的,有口才的,动人的 121, embark vi. 乘船,着手,从事,上飞机 122, empirical a.经验主义的 123, endow vt.资助;赋予,授予 124, enhance vt.提高,增加;夸张 125, ensue vt. 追求 vi. 跟着发生,继起 126, entail vt. 使必需,使承担 127, entity n. 实体,实存物,存在 128, entrepreneur n. 企业家,主办人 129, envisage vt. 面对,正视,想象 130, epoch n.(新)时代;历元 131, equilibrium n.平衡,均衡;均衡论 132, erosion n.腐蚀,侵蚀;糜烂 133, erroneous a. 错误的,不正确的 134, escort n. vt.护卫,护送 135, essence n.本质,本体;精华 136, esthetic a. 审美的 137, ethics n. 道德规范 138, ethnic a.民族特有的 139, evoke vt. 唤起,引起 140, exemplify vt.举例证明(解释) 141, exempt a. 免除的 vt. 使免除,豁免 142, exile vt.流放 n.被流放者 143, exotic a. 异国的,外来的 n. 外来物,舶来品 144, expertise n. 专家的意见,专门技术 145, expire vi.满期,到期;断气 146, explicit a.明晰的;直率的 147, exposition n.说明,解释;陈列 148, exquisite a. 精致的,细腻的,敏锐的 149, extinct a.绝种的;熄灭了的 150, extinguish vt.熄灭,扑灭;消灭 151, extravagant a.奢侈的;过度的 152, fabricate vt.制作,组合;捏造 153, facet n. 小平面,方面,刻面 154, facilitate vt.使容易;助长 155, feeble a.虚弱的;微弱的 156, flank n.肋,肋腹;侧面 157, flap vt. n.拍打 vi.拍动 158, fling vi. vt.(用力)扔,抛 159, fluctuate vi.波动 vt.使波动 160, flutter vi.(鸟)振翼;飘动 161, foam n.泡沫;泡沫塑料 162, foil n. 箔,金属薄片 vt. 贴箔于, 衬托 163, formidable a.可怕的;难对付的 164, formulate vt.用公式表示 165, fort n.要塞,堡垒 166, fossil n.化石 a.化石的 167, foster vt.养育,抚养;培养 168, foul a.肮脏的;丑恶的 169, fracture n.破裂;裂痕 vi.破裂 170, fraud n. 骗子,欺骗,欺诈,诡计 171, fringe n.穗,毛边;边缘 172, frustrate vt.挫败;使无效 173, galaxy n. 银河,星系,一群显赫的人物 174, gaol n. 监禁,监狱 vt. 监禁 175, garment n.衣服;服装,衣着 176, gasp vi.气喘,喘息 177, gear n.齿轮,传动装置 178, glide vi.滑动;消逝 n.滑行 179, gloomy a.黑暗的;令人沮丧的 180, gorgeous a.绚丽的;极好的 181, gossip n.闲谈;碎嘴子;漫笔 182, graze vi.喂草;放牧(牲畜) 183, grease n.动物脂,脂肪 184, grief n.悲哀,悲痛,悲伤 185, grieve vt.使悲痛 vi.悲痛 186, grim a.冷酷无情的,严厉的 187, grope vi.(暗中)摸索,探索 188, hamper vt.妨碍,阻碍,牵制 189, hatch vt.舱盖,舱口;短门 190, haul vt.拖曳;拖运 191, haunt vt.常去 vi.经常出没 192, heal vt.治愈;使和解 193, heave vt.(用力地)举起;抛 194, heir n.后嗣,继承人 195, heritage n. 遗产,继承物,传统 196, hierarchy n.等级制度,统治集团 197, hinder a. 后面的 vt.vi. 阻碍,打扰 198, hinge n.合页,折叶,铰链 199, hitherto ad.迄今,到目前为止 200, hoist vt.升起 vi.扯起来 201, homogeneous a.同类的;均匀的 202, hose n.长筒袜;软管 203, hover vi.徘徊;傍徨;翱翔 204, humidity n.湿气;湿度 205, hurl vt.猛投 vi.猛冲 206, hypothesis n.假设;前提 207, hysterical a. 歇斯底里的,异常兴奋的 208, ideology n. 意识形态,思想体系 209, ignite vt.引燃 vi.着火 210, illuminate vt.照明,照亮;阐明 211, illusion n.幻想;错觉;假象 212, imaginative a. 想象的,虚构的 213, imitation n.仿制品,伪制物 214, immerse vt.沉浸;给…施洗礼 215, immune a. 免疫的,免除的,不受影响的 216, impair vt. 损害,减少,削弱 217, impart vt.给予,传递;告诉 218, imperative n. 命令, a.命令式的,急需的,强制的 219, imperial a. 帝王的,至尊的 n. 特等品 220, impetus n. 动力,推动力,激励 221, implement n.工具 vt. 实现,使生效,执行 222, implicit a. 暗示的,盲从的,绝对的,固有的 223, inaugurate vt.开始;使就职 224, incentive n. 动机 a. 激励的 225, incidentally ad.附带地;顺便提及 226, inclusive a.包围住的;包括的 227, incredible a.难以置信的,惊人的 228, incur vt. 招致,蒙受,遭遇 229, indefinite a.不明确的;不定的 230, indicative a.指示的;陈述的 231, indignant a.愤慨的,义愤的 232, indignation n.愤怒,愤慨,义愤 233, induce vt.劝诱;引起;感应 234, indulge vt.放纵(感情)vi.纵情 235, inertia n.惯性,惯量;无力 236, inflation n.通货膨胀,物价飞涨 237, inflict vt. 施以,加害,使承受 238, ingenious a.机灵的;精巧制成的 239, ingredient n.配料,成分 240, inhibit vt. 禁止,抑制 241, innovation n.创新,改革,新设施 242, insane a. 患精神病的,不理智的 243, installment n.分期付款 244, instantaneous a.瞬间的,即刻的 245, insulate vt.使绝缘,使绝热 246, intact a.原封不动的,完整的 247, integral a.组成的;整的 248, integrate vt.使结合,使并入 249, integrity n.诚实,正直 250, intelligible a. 可理解的,易理解的,明了的 251, intensify vt.vi. 加强,强化 252, intent a.目不转睛的,热切的 253, interim a. 中间的,暂时的,间歇的,n.过渡时期 254, intermittent a. 间歇的,断断续续的 255, intersection n. 交集,十字路口,交叉点 256, intimidate vt. 威胁,恐吓,胁迫 257, intricate a. 复杂的,错综的,缠结的,难懂的 258, intrigue n. 阴谋 vi. 密谋,耍诡计 vt. 激起兴趣 259, intrinsic a. 本质的,原有的,真正的 260, intuition n. 直觉,直觉的知识 261, invalid n.病人 a.有病的,无效的 262, invaluable a. 无价的,价值无法衡量的 263, invariably ad.不变地,永恒地 264, inventory n. 详细目录,存货清单 265, invert vt. 使反转,使颠倒,使转化 266, irony n. 反讽,讽剌,讽剌之事 267, irrespective a.不考虑的,不顾的 268, irrigation n.灌溉;冲洗法 269, irritate vt.激怒;引起不愉快 270, ivory n.象牙;牙质;乳白色 271, jail n.监狱 vi.监禁 272, jeopardize vt. 危害,使受危困,使陷危地 273, jerk vt.猛地一拉 vi.急拉 274, journalist n.记者,新闻工作者 275, junction n.连接;接头;中继线 276, jury n.陪审团;评奖团 277, justification n. 辩护,证明是正当的,释罪 278, kidney n.肾,腰子;性格 279, kit n.成套工具;用具包 280, knit vt.把…编结 vi.编织 281, knob n.门把,拉手;旋纽 282, lamb n.羔羊,小羊;羔羊肉 283, lame a.跛的;瘸的,残废的 284, landscape n.风景,景色,景致 285, latent a.存在但看不见的 286, latitude n.纬度;黄纬 287, layman n. 俗人,门外汉,凡人 288, leaflet n.传单,活页;广告 289, lease n.租约,契约,租契 290, legend n.传说,传奇 291, legislation n.立法;法规 292, legitimate a. 合法的,正当的 vt. 使合法 293, liability n.责任;倾向;债务 294, lick vt.舔;舔吃 295, likelihood n.可能(性) 296, limp vi.蹒跚,跛行 n.跛行 297, linear a.线的;长度的 298, liner n.班船,班机 299, linger vi.逗留,徘徊;拖延 300, literacy n. 读写能力,识字 301, literal a.文字(上)的;字面的 302, litter n.废物,杂乱 vi.乱扔 303, lobby n.前厅,(剧院的)门廊 304, locality n.位置,地点,发生地 305, locomotive a.运动的;机动 306, lofty a.高耸的;高尚的 307, longitude n.经线,经度 308, lounge n.(旅馆等的)休息室 309, lubricate vt.使润滑vi.加润滑油 310, luminous a.发光的;光明的 311, lunar a.月亮的 312, magnify vt.放大,扩大 313, magnitude n.大小;重大;星等 314, majesty n.威严,尊严;陛下 315, mall n.大型购物中心 316, manifest vt.表明 a.明白的 317, manipulate vt.操作;控制,手持 318, manoeuvre n.vi. 调遣,演习 vt. 调动,操纵 319, manuscript n.手稿,底稿,原稿 320, marble n.大理石 321, marginal a.记在页边的;边缘的 322, marsh n.沼泽地,湿地 323, marshal n.元帅;陆军元帅 324, masculine a.男性的;强壮的 325, massive a.粗大的;大而重的 326, masterpiece n.杰作,名著 327, meadow n.草地,牧草地 328, mechanism n.机械装置;机制 329, medal n.奖章,勋章,纪念章 330, media n. 媒体 331, mediate a. 居间的,间接的vt. 斡旋,调停 332, medieval a. 中古的,中世纪的 333, Mediterranean n.地中海 a.地中海的 334, melody n.旋律,曲调;歌曲 335, membership n.成员资格;会员人数 336, menace vt.&vi.&n.(进行)威胁 337, merge vt. 使合并,使并为一体 338, mess vt.弄脏,弄乱,搞糟 339, messenger n.送信者,信使 340, metallic a.金属的 n.金属粒子 341, metropolitan a.主要都市的n.大主教 342, midst n.中部,中间,当中 343, migrate vi.迁移,移居 344, militant a. 好战的 345, mingle vt.使混合vi.混合起来 346, miniature n.缩影 a.缩小的 347, minimal a. 最小的,极微的,最小限度的 348, minimize vt.使减到最小 349, misery n.痛苦,悲惨,不幸 350, misfortune n.不幸,灾祸,灾难 351, missionary n.传教士 352, mobilize vt.动员 vi.动员起来 353, mock n.嘲弄 vt.嘲弄,挖苦 354, momentum n. 动力,要素 355, monopoly n.垄断,独占,专利 356, monster n.怪物;畸形的动植物 357, morality n.道德,美德,品行 358, mortal a.终有一死的;致死的 359, mortgage n.抵押 vt.抵押 360, motel n.汽车游客旅馆 361, mourn vi.哀痛,哀悼 362, muddy a.多泥的,泥泞的 363, multitude n.大批,大群;大量 364, municipal a.市的,市立的 365, murmur vi. 低语,低声而言 n.低语 366, muscular a.肌肉发达的,强健的 367, mutter vi.轻声低语;抱怨 368, myth n. 神话,虚构的事,虚构的人 369, naive a. 天真的,纯真的,朴素的 370, narrative n. 叙述,故事 a. 叙述的,叙事的 371, nasty a.龌龊的;淫猥的 372, necessitate vt. 迫使,使成为必需,需要 373, negligible a.微不足道的 374, negotiate vi.谈判,交涉,议定 375, nickel n.镍;镍币 376, nightmare n.恶梦;经常的恐惧 377, nominal a. 名义上的,名字的 n. 名词性词 378, nominate vt.提名,推荐;任命 379, nonetheless adv. 尽管如此,然而 380, norm n.标准,规范;平均数 381, notable n.值得注意的;著名的 382, notation n. 记号法,表示法,注释 383, notify vt.通知,告知;报告 384, notion n.概念,意念;看法 385, notorious a.臭名昭著的 386, notwithstanding prep.尽管,虽然 387, nourish vt.提供养分,养育 388, novelty n.新颖;新奇的事物 389, numerical a.数字的,数值的 390, nutrition n. 营养,营养学 391, oath n.誓言,誓约,宣誓 392, obedient n.服从的,顺从的 393, obligation n.义务,职责,责任 394, obscene a. 淫秽的,猥亵的 395, obscure a.阴暗的;蒙昧的 396, odor n. 气味,名声,味 397, offence n.犯罪,犯规;冒犯 398, offensive a.冒犯的;进攻的 399, offset n.分支,抵销 vt.抵销 400, offspring n.儿女,子孙,后代 401, opaque a.不透明的;不传导的 402, oppress vt.压迫,压制;压抑 403, optimism n.乐观,乐观主义 404, optimum n.最适条件,最适度 405, option n.选择,取舍 406, orient n.东方;亚洲,远东 407, oriental a.东方的;东方国家的 408, orientation n.向东;定位;方向 409, originate vi.发源 vt.首创 410, ornament n.装饰物 vt.装修 411, orthodox a. 正统的,传统的,惯常的 412, outbreak n.(战争、愤怒等)爆发 413, oval a.卵形的 n.卵形 414, overflow vt.从…中溢出 415, overhear vt.偶然听到;偷听 416, overlap vt.与…交搭 vi.重迭 417, overt a. 明显的,公然的 418, overthrow vt.推翻 n.推翻,瓦解 419, overwhelm vt.压倒,使不知所措 420, oxide n.氧化物 421, pamphlet n.小册子 422, panic n.恐慌,惊慌 423, paradise n.伊甸乐园;天堂 424, paradox n. 似非而是的论点,自相矛盾的话 425, paralyze vt. 使瘫痪,使麻痹 426, parameter n.参(变)数;参量 427, participant n.参加者 a.有份的 428, partition n.分开,分割;融墙 429, pastime n.消遣,娱乐 430, pasture n.牧场;牲畜饲养 431, patent a.专利的 n.专利 432, pathetic a.哀婉动人的;可怜的 433, patriotic a.爱国的 434, patrol n.巡逻 n.巡逻,巡查 435, pave vt.铺,筑(路等) 436, pearl n.珍珠;珍珠母 437, pedal n.踏脚,踏板,脚蹬 438, pedestrian n.行人,步行者 439, peel vt.剥(皮),削(皮) 440, peer vi.凝视;隐约出现 441, penalty n.处罚,刑罚;罚款 442, pendulum n.(钟等的)摆 443, pension n.抚恤金,年金 444, perception n.感觉;概念;理解力 445, perfection n.尽善尽美;无比精确 446, perfume n.香味,芳香;香料 447, periodic n.周期的;一定时期的 448, periodical n.期刊,杂志 449, perish vi.死亡,夭折;枯萎 450, permeate vt. 弥漫,渗透,充满 vi. 透入 451, permissible a. 可允许的 452, perpetual a.永久的;四季开花的 453, perplex vt.迷惑,困惑,难住 454, persistent a. 固执的,坚持的,持续的 455, pest n.害虫;害人虫 456, petition n.请愿 vt.向…请愿 457, petty a.细小的;器量小的 458, ph

数量的读音是：shùliàng。数量的拼音是：shùliàng注音是：ㄕㄨ_ㄌ一ㄤ_结构是：数(左右结构)量(上下结构)词性是：名词。数量的具体解释是什么呢，我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍：一、词语解释【点此查看计划详细内容】数量shùliàng。(1)事物的多少。二、引证解释⒈事物的多少和长短。引《周礼·夏官·量人》：“凡祭祀_宾，制其从献脯燔之数量。”郑玄注：“数，多少也；量，长短也。”孙诒让正义：“《叙官》注云：量犹度也。故长短亦谓之量。”《艺文类聚》卷七六引北周王褒《善行寺碑》：“尘沙日月，同渤_之轮_；百亿_围，等阎浮之数量。”⒉指事物的多少。引李一氓《＜阿英文集＞序》：“电影，是艺术，更加是工艺和科学，数量和质量，不要再那么寒伧了。”三、国语词典总额的多寡。如：「数量不多，欲购从速。」四、网络解释数量（指事物的多少）数量，指事物的多少。是对现实生活中事物量的抽象表达方式。从远古时代开始，在日常生活和生产实践中，人们就需要创造出一些语言来表达事物（事件与物件）量的多少。数量（数学名词，指只有大小没有方向的量）数量（scalar），亦称“无向量”，在物理学中也叫标量（纯量）。有些量（质量、体积等）只具有数值大小，而没有方向，部分有正负之分。物理学中，标量（或作纯量）指在坐标变换下保持不变的物理量。用通俗的说法，数量是只有大小，没有方向的量。数量运算遵循代数运算法则。关于数量的近义词数目关于数量的反义词质数关于数量的诗句轻_纤鲋难数量数量难该以及与邻人和异乡人的流血械斗的数量关于数量的单词myriadquantifyaccountforquantityquantitativenumberquantitieshundred-关于数量的成语车量斗数数一数二数不胜数数米量柴关于数量的词语量力而为十斛量珠量金买赋车量斗数量如江海不知自量秤薪量水比权量力数米量柴铢量寸度关于数量的造句1、缺水导致水质下降和环境污染，尤其对穷人影响最大。许多人，特别是发展中国家的大多数穷人被迫饮用完全不宜饮用的水。由于没有水或者用受污染的水洗澡，患上了皮肤病和其他由不卫生引起的疾病。但是，专家认为对公众健康的影响而言，水的数量甚至比质量更重要。水管理不善也为疟疾等疾病提供了肆虐的机会。2、他的作品数量不算很多，却别具一格。3、今年粮食丰收，粮库收购数量已经饱和，到了无以复加的地步。4、近来他个人发表的论文从质量和数量上说，我们都是望尘莫及。5、在我的一生中有这样一段时间，如果让我选择数量或品质，我会义无反顾地选择前者。点此查看更多关于数量的详细信息

金融学中的M1,M2,M3,M4都是货币层次的划分：1、M0= 流通中的现金；2、M1=M0+ 个人信用卡循环信用额度+ 银行借记卡活期存款+ 银行承兑汇票余额+ 企业可开列支票活期存款；3、M2=M1+ 个人非银行卡下的活期存款+ 机关团体存款+ 农村存款；4、M3=M2+ 企业定期存款+ 居民人民币定期储蓄存款+ 其他存款( 信托存款、委托存款、保证金存款、财政预算外存款)+ 外币( 折合人民币) 存款；5、M4=M3+ 货币市场基金份额十非银行金融机构回购协议+ 非银行企业持有的短期政府与金融债券+ 住房公积金存款.扩展资料主要分类微观金融学微观金融学，也即国际学术界通常理解的Finance，主要含公司金融、投资学和证券市场微观结构（Securities Market Microstructure）三个大的方向。微观金融学科通常设在商学院的金融系内。微观金融学是目前我国金融学界和国际学界差距最大的领域，急需改进。宏观金融学国际学术界通常把与微观金融学相关的宏观问题研究称为宏观金融学（Macro Finance）。我个人认为，Macro Finance 又可以分为两类：一是微观金融学的自然延伸，包括以国际资产定价理论为基础的国际证券投资和公司金融（International Asset Pricing And Corporate Finance）等等。这类研究通常设在商学院的金融系和经济系内。第二类是国内学界以前理解的“金融学”，包括“货币银行学”和“国际金融”等专业,涵盖有关货币、银行、国际收支、金融体系稳定性、金融危机的研究。这类专业通常设在经济系内。

Are you familiar with the REACH regulation? 你熟悉REACH的规则吗？uf061 Please explain how the products you manufacture or market are concerned by Reach 请解释下你生产的产品或市场如何被Reach检验。Have you set up a specific organization for REACH in your company? (Reach manager, information given to your suppliers, etc.). 在你的公司里里特设了一个负责REACH的部门吗？（Reach经理，为你的供应商提供信息，或者诸如此类的）。Do you know the status of your company as concerns REACH? 你明白涉及到REACH的内容在你公司的地位吗？uf061 Manufacturer. Products concerned: 对制造商，产品需要它；uf063 Importer. Products concerned: 进口商，产品需要它；uf063 Downstream user. Products concerned: 下游分销商，产品需要它；uf063 Retailer. Products concerned: 零售商，产品同样需要它。Do you know the status of your products as concerns REACH? 你明白涉及到REACH的产品在你公司的地位吗？uf063 Article. Which: 商品，需要它uf063 Preparation: Which: 半成品，需要它uf063 Salting-out article. Which: 精细商品，需要它uf063 Article-preparation combination. Which: 联合商品，同样需要它Do you know the composition of our products in chemical substances? 你知道我们的化学物产品的成分吗？Do you have security datasheets about each substance or preparation contained in our products? 你拥有包含在你产品中的任一个部件或半成品的安全数据表格吗？uf063 For European suppliers, can you quantify in tonne/year each raw material contained in our products? 对欧洲供应商，你能够量化包含在你的产品中的任一种原材料到公吨/年吗？Have you evaluated the cost of REACH and its impact on the products? 你能够评估出REACH的花费和它对产品带来的效益吗？Have you decided to eliminate some worrying substances from our products? 你已经决定使用我们的产品来消除您产品中的隐忧吗？uf063 Yes. Which? Why and with what are you going to substitute them? uf063 No 是的。哪种？为什么和带上什么你去替代它们？ 不

u3000u3000A college degree is an advantage in today"s workforce. The number and of jobs available for college graduates is much greater and they often have higher salary and benefits.u3000u3000Availability of Jobsu3000u3000The number of jobs that require a college degree or where a college education is an advantage is increasing. In previous generations, there were many levels of jobs available for those without a college education or in some cases, even a high school diploma. However now many of these jobs simply do not exist any longer, or now require college education.u3000u3000Industrial jobs, trades and skilled labor were more prevalent before the rise of computer technology. Now many industries require a smaller workforce because of technological advances. Even though not as many assembly line workers are needed, there are many jobs available in engineering, management and business administration in which a college education is an advantage.u3000u3000Types of Jobsu3000u3000The advantages of a college degree in scientific, manufacturing and engineering fields are very strong. College students can now study highly specialized science related degrees that apply directly to business settings. Safety engineering, environmental science and DNA analytics are examples of highly specialized fields that have become in demand in just the past 10 years or so.u3000u3000One of the advantages of a college education is that students become aware of many subjects and fields that they never would have considered without going to college. Students are required to take a variety of basic education courses such as math, sciences, literature and basic computing. Electives are also required and students may take a course that just sounds interesting or appealing to them. Often students discover during one of these courses that they have a talent and/or passion for a subject and begin to understand its potential in the job marketplace.u3000u3000While obtaining a specialized degree is necessary in some fields, sometimes just having a college education is an advantage, regardless of the field of study. Employers want to know that their employees have a well rounded basic education. The advantages of a college degree will be proven when your resume is chosen over those who did not make the commitment to complete their education.u3000u3000Salary & Benefitsu3000u3000The advantage of a college degree equals to higher wages and salaries. In the Winter 2004-05 Occupational Outlook Quarterly, The US Department of Labor reported that "In 2003, workers who had a bachelor"s degree had median weekly earnings of $900, compared with $554 a week for high school graduates--that"s a difference of $346 per week, or a 62 percent jump in median earnings." These figures are a bold statement that the advantage of a college degree is its increased earning power.u3000u3000Job seekers will also find that positions that may not actually require a college education will still pay more to those who have a degree. Jobs seekers with a college education will still earn higher salaries, even when the degree is not directly required for the job.u3000u3000The jobs that do not require a college education often have fewer benefits. These jobs often provide no retirement or health insurance benefits which are imperative to financial security and the stability of the family.u3000u3000---------------------u3000u3000There are many reasons to pursue a higher education, but rarely are those reasons so clearly expressed as they are in the statistical data and recent report released by The Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce. After reviewing this report, College Compass is proud to present a concise and informative summary of the most important reasons to pursue a Bacheloru2019s degree. We hope you all enjoy our presentation, and encourage you to comment if you have any thoughts or questions!u3000u3000The Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce recently released astudy detailing the benefits of a post-secondary education in the recession and post-recession workforce. The report, aptly named The College Advantage: Weathering the Economic Storm, details the particulars of the nationu2019s recent economic turmoil, specifically in regard to the benefits of a Bacheloru2019s degree in the present-day workforce. It should come as no surprise to our readers that a college education is desirable, but the difference in wage earning potential, employment rates and underemployment rates, as well as the intangible benefits, that a college degree affords its recipients is astonishing. Additionally, according to the Georgetown University report, a bacheloru2019s degree not only increases the likelihood of someone finding a job, despite the economyu2019s sluggish performance, but also of keeping it. For these reasons, and many more, it is clear the advantages of a college degree are essential components to succeeding in a modern workforce.u3000u3000"The Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce is an independent, nonprofit research and policy institute affiliated with the Georgetown Public Policy Institute that studies the link between education, career qualifications, and workforce demands."u3000u3000According to their Press Release, “The wage premium for a bacheloru2019s degree or better relative to high school degrees skyrocketed from 44 percent in 1981 to 100 percent in 2005 and has only fallen to 97 percent since the beginning of the recession.” This means the average wage earning potential is almost double for a college graduate; the historic trend of degree-holders dwarfing the wage earning potential of less educated workers has significantly increased despite, and in the face of, the recent economic recession.u3000u3000In terms of job creation since the beginning of the Recovery, which is considered to be the period from January 2010 to February 2012 (Note: the recovery is ongoing, but February 2012 is when Georgetownu2019s study stopped using data for this report), “Jobs that require a bacheloru2019s degree have been the big winner, increasing by 2.2 million jobs u2026 At the same time 5.8 million jobs for those with high school (degrees) or less have been lost since the recession began.” These startling statistics make it clear that one of the safest investments you can make in a national and global recession, and subsequent recovery, is in your education. A bacheloru2019s degree significantly increases your chance of finding a job; in fact, “more than half of all jobs created (since the recovery) have gone to workers with Bacheloru2019s degrees or better.”u3000u3000During the Recession, which is considered to have occurred in the period from December 2007 to January 2010, not only was there no aggregate job loss among workers with a Bacheloru2019s degree or higher, there was actually a creation of 187,000 jobs; this means that even before entering into the Recovery, jobs requiring a Bacheloru2019s degree were not only NOT being eliminated, they were being created. Consider these statistics, taken directly from the GUCEWu2019s report, “u2026 the unemployment rate for recent four-year college graduates u2026 is at 6.8 percent. At the same time, the unemployment rates for recent high school graduates are near 24 percent.” Taken together, these statistics suggest a bacheloru2019s degree increases your chances of not only finding a job, but keeping it.u3000u3000Another interesting perspective to take when considering the benefits of a college education is not just unemployment but underemployment. Someone is underemployed when they are employed at a low-paying job that requires less skill or training than they actually possess. In a comparison of relative underemployment, “the underemployment rate for four-year college graduates is currently (May 2012) at 8.4 percent u2026 for high school graduates (it) is u2026 at 17.3 percent.” So, even if you were to set aside the obvious financial incentives of obtaining a post-secondary education, there are still important reasons to pursue a bacheloru2019s degree, i.e. job satisfaction.u3000u3000A graphic example of success with or without a Bachelor"s degree.u3000u3000There are a number of reasons, even aside from the compelling data offered by The Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, to believe a bacheloru2019s degree is a critical component to financial success in a modern economy and contemporary workforce. A Bacheloru2019s degree, or even an Associateu2019s degree, demonstrates to potential employers that you are competent and intelligent. A degree also represents an ability to commit to, and succeed in achieving, long term goals.u3000u3000Disregarding the conspicuous advantages afforded to potential employees by a Bacheloru2019s degree, as compared to less educated applicants, another important aspect to consider when deciding to pursue a post-secondary education is the actual investment in oneself it represents. This idea can be referred to as “Human Capital,” which is the real knowledge and experience a college education gives you. There is no way to quantify or exactly measure everything you learn through the experience of graduating college, but it is evident that a graduate is much better prepared for the “real world.” This is because a college degree is not just for show; you learn valuable information by attending class regularly and gain equally valuable, and practical, experience by rising to the challenge of applying that information in a classroom setting.

Understanding理解Understanding is a powerful tool that can bridge gaps, resolve conflicts, and foster harmony. It involves listening attentively, empathizing with others, and putting ourselves in their shoes.理解是一种强大的工具，能够弥合差距、解决冲突并促进和谐。它涉及到专注地倾听、同情他人并设身处地地站在他们的角度上。When we seek to understand, we open ourselves to different perspectives and ideas. We break down barriers of prejudice and judgment, allowing for meaningful connections and mutual respect.当我们寻求理解时，我们向不同的观点和想法敞开心扉。我们打破了偏见和评判的障碍，从而实现了有意义的联系和相互尊重。In a world that is often divided by differences, understanding becomes even more crucial. It promotes tolerance, acceptance, and the celebration of diversity.在一个经常被分歧所分割的世界里，理解变得更加重要。它促进了宽容、接纳和多样性的庆祝。Let us strive to cultivate understanding in our interactions with others. By embracing empathy and open-mindedness, we can create a more compassionate and harmonious society.让我们努力在与他人的交往中培养理解。通过拥抱同理心和开放思维，我们可以创造一个更富有同情心和和谐的社会。

我在2019年3月份写过一篇这样的文章 （一文读懂scRNA-Seq）到底要花多久时间才能看懂一套单细胞测序数据结果？ ，并在文末许诺，对PPT感兴趣的小伙伴可以留言询要PPT。没想到后来有陆陆续续超过几十个人留下了邮箱，这时候发现事情大条了。那篇文章是我第一次认真看的单细胞文章，可以说是什么都不懂，因此看了有超过十个小时，看的时候还查专业词汇和背景知识，可见那一文必然非常青涩。时常觉得自己对不起这几十个读者的信任，非常担心自己并没有提供什么好的学习经验，因此早早打定主意说要重新写一篇，让大家看到单细胞的文章其实也并非那么简单，体会到单细胞的美。 这里仍然会按照之前提到的看文献方法： 老板亲自传授的文献阅读方法 来准备这篇文献解读。废话不多说，开始吧。 文章标题囊括了三个热点：tracing tumorigenesis，tumor model，single-cell resolution 1. tumorigenesis ：肿瘤发生是一个非常细微且难以察觉的事件，其具体进程如下图所示。肿瘤的发生非常难以检测，并且缺少临床样本。因此，tracing tumorigenesis 还有许多未知且绝对是肿瘤学的热点之一。 2. tumor model ：肿瘤的研究离不开好的模型。目前我们知道的肿瘤研究模型有： 肿瘤细胞系，原代细胞系，CDX，PDX，基因工程小鼠，包括最近大火的organoid等等 。这些研究模型各有利弊， PDX和基因工程小鼠，其中某些基因工程小鼠的表现十分优异 ，例如邓初夏教授培育的：Brca1 ufb02ox/ufb02ox ; MMTV-Cre mice （带有Brca1 exon11的缺失，可自发形成乳腺癌）。那么这篇文章其实是基于作者团队的前期研究结果来进行的，他们在前期的时候构建了 K14-cre-β-catGOF Bmpr1aLOF mice （gain of function of β-catenin; loss of function of Bmpr1a ），这种小鼠可以自发发生特异性的 salivary gland head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs)，即唾液腺头颈部鳞癌。拥有这样的肿瘤模型小鼠，他们在自己的领域上就没有人可以跟上了。 3. single-cell resolution ：无需多做解释 再次提一下我看文的思路： 常规套路：（1）某某癌症是非常严重的疾病；（2）某某基因、蛋白在这个癌症中起很大的作用， But ，它在某个过程中的作用尚未明确；（3）某某过程是在肿瘤发生中非常关键， But ，我们目前对它还知之甚少。。。。。。 本文提到：肿瘤发生过程是对肿瘤治疗研究的非常重要的一步，但是目前我们对肿瘤发生这个起点知道的太少了。虽然patient samples可提供巨量的信息， But ，由于肿瘤样本的异质性以及疾病的复杂性，样本常常是混杂的多期肿瘤细胞，并已丢失tumorigenesis阶段的信息，因此，合理的tumor model和对照十分重要。正好作者的前期研究发现：某基因、信号通路对salivary gland SSCs的发生起非常重要的作用，并创建了相应的肿瘤模型，因此打算来个高精度的研究，探一探这肿瘤发生的究竟 略 hypothesis高度浓缩了预期的结果，要求不仅仅看摘要，还要了解introduction。Introduction是文章中非常宝贵的一段，这是作者思路的集中体现，同时我们也可以通过认真阅读来快速了解作者这一领域的大致情况。这比自己疯狂找十篇文章来看要高效得多。当然有时候别人引用文献只是提及其中小小一点，不能代替被引文献的全貌，因此只能说是大致了解用，真正要了解还得下苦功。 Hypothesis： 重要的实验设计、材料、方法非常重要，不然无法理解文章结果从何而来，这边我一般是先一扫而过method，然后再结合结果来看那些我无法理解的实验结果。 1. Mouse strains：介绍小鼠的基本情况，以及杂交培育设计，略。 2. Tissue dissociation and single-cell sample preparation 3. Drop-seq procedure, single-cell and bulk library generation, and sequencing 4. CITE-seq experiments 5. Immunostainings 6. Processing and analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data ，生信工程师上场，原文写得非常非常详细。 框架： (1) Single-cell RNA sequencing of salivary gland tumors. (2) A comprehensive salivary gland cell atlas. (3) Identiufb01cation of cancer stem cells and other tumor-speciufb01c cell populations. (4) Simultaneous quantiufb01cation of mRNA and cell surface proteins resolves immune cell diversity. (5) Subclustering reveals two subpopulations of cancer stem and basal cells. (6) Computational lineage analyses reconstruct tumorigenesis. 这部分涉及到样本准备的方法，还有测序数据的基本情况。主要目的是：证明样本、数据质量合格。这里的标准是： 1)single-cell 测序数据要和bulk-seq数据的相关性高（相关性分析）；2)测序深度，测序数据量要够（过滤后查看genes和UMI数量）；3)为避免批次效应，作者使用基于熵的测量方法来测定：细胞最近邻在不同样本中的分布有多均匀 (To quantify sample-to-sample variation and the extent of possible batch effects, we developed an entropy-based approach to measure how evenly cells nearest neighbors are distributed among different samples)。 Protocol procedure（如下图） 1)single-cell 测序数据要和bulk-seq数据的相关性高（相关性分析）；2)测序深度； 3）数据均匀度 总结，1）单细胞测序数据和bulk相关性高，说明单细胞测序数据可以代表样本的情况，证明方法科学可靠；2）通过过滤后，得到足够多的具有一定测序深度的细胞数以及UMI，说明测序过程良好，数据量够，证明数据可靠；3）通过数据处理，消除批次效应后发现，有性别，基因型以及疾病等级会一定程度上影响细胞的均匀程度，但这恰恰是真实情况，描述即可。大的单细胞文章都会把这部分放在补充材料中，这篇文章也不例外。 为了提供一个全面的唾液腺细胞图谱，也可以作为一个适当的参考肿瘤的背景， 作者对control组（唾液腺）的单细胞数据集进行了cluster，并根据已报道的marker来定义每一个细胞簇（上图b） 。同样他们也发现了一些性别依赖的marker，以及不同细胞的marker，这些数据放在了补充材料中。之后 进行免疫荧光染色，确定不同细胞和表达不同的marker（下图b），并根据这些结果并绘制出解剖结构图 （上图c）。 作者还发现，随着时间的变化，细胞proportion也会随之变化（补充材料） 小结：这些结果提供了cluster结果，这是常规做法，亮点在于解剖结构图的绘制，且解剖结构图还经过免疫荧光染色验证（如果能有连续切片的HE染色结果则数据完整性和说服力更好）。 注意，本文亮点 。作者将control组和double mutant (DM) 的单细胞数据都放在一起，原样又做了一次cluster，诶，发现有一群细胞是在tumor中特有的。发现，在肿瘤环境中具有独特转录特征的上皮细胞簇，包括管腔样细胞和基底样细胞，以及小而独特的癌症干细胞(CSC)样群，其中Wnt特异性基因被激活（如下图）。并发现少数基因是在tumor-specific族群中是特异表达的。 利用在单细胞数据挖掘中得到的marker，使用免疫荧光验证后发现，这些高表达细胞确实在肿瘤中出现，可以证明这些gene是tumor-specific的（如下图）。在这里，作者可以明确，他们提出了一个tumor-specific的gene set。 小结：做单细胞cluster谁都会，但是结合细胞的实际空间位置去寻找特异细胞簇是非常聪明的做法，有免疫荧光的结果验证gene set，使得gene set不仅仅是RNA水平，同时上升到了蛋白水平，更具说服力。 在做cluster分析的时候，作者已经发现了 immune，basal细胞簇是在DM组中比例大，且acinar在control中比例大 （如下图），引起作者的注意，并往immune cell这方面继续挖掘。 对于可以固定住的细胞，做免疫荧光是可行的方法，但是对于免疫细胞则相对困难，在这里作者想到了 CITE-seq（参照上面介绍） 发现： CITE-seq的结果和scRNA-seq的结果确实是重叠的，再一次从蛋白水平验证了scRNA-seq的结果 ，同时还计算了immune cell proportion的变化，证实DM组中的免疫细胞数量都高于control组，说明肿瘤周边的免疫细胞更多，免疫微环境处于激活状态（如下图）。提示TAMs是广泛而连续的功能状态和分化状态，而不是一个明确的极化肿瘤支持与肿瘤抑制模型 。 小结：多组学结合之CITE-seq 将某个特地细胞群做subclustering也是常规操作。根据先前的结果，有一群tumor-specific的细胞，是非常适合拿来再分析的 （如下图）。 通过subclustering，作者分出了CSC1 CSC2两个群体，并且发现了它们特异的gene-set （如下图1）。同时发现basal tumor相较于normal，basal tumor具有EMT和matrisome的gene表达特征，并用荧光染色验证EMT是早期basal tumorigenesis的特征（如下图 supplementary figure 10）。 小结：根据前期研究结果，将proportion异常的细胞群拿来再cluster是常规操作，使用免疫荧光验证gene set则是不易。 总结：basal细胞在分化为luminal-like细胞之前，在β-catenin激活和Bmpr1a功能丧失的情况下，肿瘤的发生由EMT的信号启动，并表现为Wnt差异信号驱动的CSC细胞的异质性（如下图所示）。 这篇文章第一次粗略看+做5页内PPT大花费3小时。这次是第二次看，边看边整理出这篇文章，花费约7个半小时。收获很大，第二次看比第一次更细，且终于可以理解文章的大部分细节和思路，这对我们来说是最重要的。精读对了解一个陌生领域非常重要。